Anatomy and Histology (Dental Medicine): notes and exam prep for MU Plovdiv

Locomotory System41 topics

1. 1Bone as an organfree
2. 2Joints between bones - general characteristicsfree
3. 3Synovial joints (diarthroses) - the structure of the synovial joints: basic and additional elementsfree
4. 4Vertebral columnfree
5. 5Skeleton of the thoraxfree
6. 6Joints between the vertebral column and the skullfree
7. 7Joints between the skull bonesfree
8. 8Joints of the shoulder girdlefree
9. 9Elbow jointfree
10. 10Joints of the handfree
11. 11Joints of the pelvic girdlefree
12. 12Hip jointfree
13. 13Knee jointfree
14. 14Joints between the leg bonesfree
15. 15Joints of the foot - subtalar joint and talo-calcaneo-navicular jointfree
16. 16Foot as a wholefree
17. 17Structure of skeletal muscle: auxiliary structures, classification of muscles, biomechanicsfree
18. 18Muscles of the shoulder girdle - groups, attachments, action, and nerve supplyfree
19. 19Muscles of the upper arm - groups, attachments, action, and nerve supplyfree
20. 20Muscles of the forearm - groups, attachments, action, and nerve supplyfree
21. 21Muscles of the hand - groups, attachments, action, and nerve supplyfree
22. 22Synovial sheaths of the upper limbfree
23. 23Muscles of the pelvic girdle - groups, attachments, action, and nerve supplyfree
24. 24Muscles of the femoral region - groups, attachments, action and nerve supplyfree
25. 25Muscles of the leg - groups, attachments, action and nerve supplyfree
26. 26Muscles of the foot - groups, attachments, action and nerve supplyfree
27. 27Synovial sheaths of the lower limbfree
28. 28Topography of the upper limb - lateral (quadrangular) and medial (triangular) axillary space, humeromuscular canalfree
29. 29Topography of the lower limb - suprapiriform foramen, infrapiriform foramen, vascular, , muscular and lymphatic lacuna, obturator and femoral canalfree
30. 30Topography of the lower limb - Femoral triangle, adductor canal, popliteal fossa, cruropopliteus canal, superior and inferior musculoperoneal canalfree
31. 31The superficial veins of the upper and lower limbsfree
32. 32The axillary arteryfree
33. 33The arteries of the upper limb - the brachial artery, the radial artery and the ulnar arteryfree
34. 34The external and internal iliac arteriesfree
35. 35The arteries of the lower limb - the femoral artery, the popliteal arteryfree
36. 36Arteries of the leg and footfree
37. 37Brachial plexusfree
38. 38Musculocutaneous, median and ulnar nervefree
39. 39Radial and axillary nervefree
40. 40Lumbar plexusfree
41. 41Sacral and coccygeal plexusfree

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Nervous System and Sensory Organs75 topics

1. 1Skull (cranium) - facial cranium and neurocranium (cranial skull)
2. 2External surface of the base of the skull - elements, passing through the openings and canals
3. 3Internal surface of the base of the skull - elements, passing through the openings and canals
4. 4Lateral aspect of the skull: temporal, infratemporal, and pterygopalatine fossae
5. 5Orbit
6. 6Skeleton of the nasal cavity
7. 7Nervous system - definition
8. 8General principles in the function of the nervous system
9. 9Spinal cord - position, shape, size, segments
10. 10Spinal cord. Grey matter - arrangement and structure
11. 11Spinal cord. The white matter - ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts. Intersegmental (proper) tracts
12. 12Brain - embryonic development, shape, size
13. 13The reticular formation
14. 14Medulla oblongata - position, size, the external view (aspect
15. 15Medulla oblongata - the internal structure - grey matter
16. 16Medulla oblongata - the internal structure - white matter
17. 17Pons - description, basilar part - external and internal structure
18. 18Pons - description, dorsal part - external and internal structure
19. 19Cerebellum - description, external structure
20. 20Cerebellum - cortex
21. 21Cerebellum - nuclei and white matter
22. 22The fourth ventricle
23. 23Midbrain - external structure
24. 24Midbrain - internal structure - cerebral peduncles, tectum
25. 25Midbrain - internal structure, tegmentum
26. 26Diencephalon - dorsal thalamus
27. 27Metathalamus, epithalamus
28. 28Diencephalon - ventral thalamus
29. 29Diencephalon - hypothalamus
30. 30Cerebrum (forebrain) - description, embryonic development
31. 31Cerebral cortex
32. 32Cortical areas
33. 33Basal nuclei of the cerebrum
34. 34White matter of the hemispheres
35. 35Olfactory apparatus (rhinencephalon)
36. 36Limbic system - limbic cortex
37. 37Limbic system - limbic nuclei and limbic pathways
38. 38The lateral ventricle
39. 39The meninges of the brain - dura matter
40. 40The meninges of the brain - arachnoid and pia matter
41. 41Blood supply of the brain
42. 42Ascending pathways for general sensation. Pathway for superficial mechanoreception
43. 43Ascending pathways for general sensation. Pathway for pain and temperature
44. 44Ascending pathways for general sensation. Pathway for proprioception. Pathway for internal sensation
45. 45Visual sensory pathway
46. 46Acoustic and vestibular sensory pathway
47. 47Efferent pathways from the cerebral cortex. The pyramid system)
48. 48Efferent pathways from the cerebral cortex. The extrapyramid system
49. 49Neuro-endocrine pathway
50. 50Peripheral nervous system - description
51. 51Third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves - nuclei, position, characteristics
52. 52Trigeminal nerve - nuclei, ganglion and the first (ophthalmic) branch
53. 53Trigeminal nerve - nuclei, ganglion and the second (maxillary) branch
54. 54Trigeminal nerve - nuclei, ganglion and the third (mandibular) branch
55. 55Facial nerve
56. 56Glossopharyngeal nerve
57. 57Vagus nerve
58. 58Accessory nerve, hypoglossal nerve
59. 59Spinal nerves - number, groups, formation
60. 60Autonomic nervous system - definition, criteria for division into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
61. 61Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system - nuclei, sympathetic trunk, prevertebral ganglia, nerves
62. 62Parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
63. 63Plexuses of the autonomic nervous system in the thorax, abdominal and pelvic cavities - formation, position, organs innervated by them
64. 64Gustatory organ
65. 65Organ of vision - general remarks
66. 66The eyeball - middle (vascular) coat - parts, description
67. 67Retina
68. 68Internal nucleus of the eyeball
69. 69Accessory organs of the eyeball - extraocular muscles
70. 70Accessory organs of the eyeball - eyebrows, eyelids, conjunctiva
71. 71Acoustic and vestibular organ - general characteristics, ontogenesis
72. 72Middle ear
73. 73Internal ear. The bony labyrinth
74. 74Internal ear. The membranous labyrinth - cochlear part. Organ of Corti. Cochlear nerve. Pathway of hearing
75. 75Internal ear. The membranous labyrinth - vestibular part. Organ of equilibrium. Vestibular nerve. Pathway of equilibrium

Practical Exam1 topics

1. 1Practical Exam

Splanchnology66 topics

1. 1Cardiovascular system - overview, embryonic development and congenital anomalies of the heart and great vessels
2. 2Heart. Topography and external morphology
3. 1Arteries and veins of the pulmonary circuit
4. 3Heart. Internal morphology of the heart chambers. Atria and ventricles. Interatrial and interventricular septum
5. 1Fetal circulation. Residual structures after birth
6. 3Heart. Internal morphology. Heart valves
7. 4Heart. Histological structure of the cardiac wall. Fibrous skeleton of the heart
8. 5Heart. Conductive system
9. 6Structure of the blood vessel wall. Arteries, veins, capillaries
10. 5Heart. Blood supply - arteries and veins. Pericardium. Sinuses
11. 9Lymphatic system. Overview. Structure of the wall of the lymphatic vessels. Main lymphatic vessels
12. 10Spleen. Topography, macroscopic anatomy, blood supply. Histological structure
13. 11Lymph node. Histological structure
14. 12Digestive system - overview, embryonic development, congenital anomalies
15. 11Tonsils. Histological structure
16. 12Oral cavity - parts, walls, innervation, blood supply. Floor of the oral cavity
17. 11Thymus. Topography, macroscopic anatomy, blood supply. Histological structure
18. 12Oral vestibule
19. 13Oropharyngeal isthmus. Palatine tonsil
20. 14Dentition. Macroscopic structure of the tooth. Types of teeth. Histological structure of the tooth. Embryonic development and abnormalities
21. 14Milk teeth. Development and germination of teeth. Abnormalities
22. 13Oral cavity proper
23. 15Tongue (lingua) - parts, surfaces, muscles, innervation, blood supply. Lingual mucosa and papillae
24. 14Permanent teeth - anomalies
25. 16Major salivary glands - parotid, submandibular, sublingual. Topography, innervation, blood supply, lymphatic drainage. Histological structure
26. 17Pharynx. Topography, parts, muscles, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure
27. 14Histological structure of the tooth
28. 18Esophagus. Topography, parts, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure
29. 19Stomach - gaster. Topography, parts, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure
30. 21Small intestine - duodenum, jejunum, ileum. Topography, parts, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Diverticulum of Meckel
31. 21Small intestine - duodenum, jejunum, ileum. Histological structure
32. 23Large intestine - caecum, vermiform appendix, colon, rectum. Topography, parts, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation
33. 21Duodenum
34. 22Mesenteric small intestine - jejunum, ileum
35. 24Large intestine - caecum, vermiform appendix, colon, rectum. Histological structure
36. 24Large intestine. Colon. Rectum
37. 25Large intestine. Caecum. Vermiform appendix
38. 27Liver - topography, external morphology, segmental structure, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation
39. 28Liver - histological structure
40. 27Liver
41. 29Intra and extrahepatic bile ducts. Gallbladder - macroscopic anatomy and histological structure
42. 30Pancreas - topography, external morphology, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure
43. 31Respiratory system - overview, embryonic development, congenital anomalies
44. 31External nose. Nasal cavity. Nasal conchae and nasal passages. Olfactory mucosa. Paranasal sinuses
45. 32External nose. Nasal cavity. Paranasal sinuses
46. 33Larynx - topography, cartilages, fibroelastic membranes, muscles
47. 34Larynx - laryngeal cavity, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure. Cricothyrotomy (conicotomy). Tracheotomy
48. 35Trachea. Principal (primary) bronchi. Bronchial tree. Topography, external morphology, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure
49. 36Lungs - topography, external morphology, segmental structure, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation
50. 37Lungs - histological structure
51. 38Urinary system - overview, embryonic development, congenital anomalies
52. 38Kidney - topography, external morphology, segmental structure, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation
53. 39Kidney - histological structure. Nephron. Juxtaglomerular apparatus. Mesangium
54. 40Pyelocalyceal system. Ureter - topography, parts, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure
55. 41Urinary bladder - topography, macroscopic anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure. Male and female urethra - topography, macroscopic anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure
56. 42Endocrine system - overview, embryonic development, congenital anomalies. Types of hormones. Principles of neuroendocrine control
57. 43Testis - topography, macroscopic anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure
58. 42Thyroid gland - topography, macroscopic anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure. Parathyroid glands - topography, macroscopic anatomy, blood supply. Histological structure
59. 44Epididymis, ductus deferens - topography, macroscopic anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure. Spermatic cord
60. 42Suprarenal (adrenal) gland - topography, macroscopic anatomy, blood supply. Histological structure
61. 44Prostate, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands - topography, macroscopic anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure
62. 45Penis - macroscopic anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure. Scrotum
63. 46Ovary - topography, macroscopic anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure
64. 47Uterus - topography, macroscopic anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure
65. 49Uterine tube - topography, macroscopic anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure
66. 50Vagina, female external genitalia - macroscopic anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure

Regional anatomy49 topics

1. 59Lateropharyngeal and retropharyngeal spaces
2. 65Antescalene, interscalene and scalenovertebral spaces
3. 51Frontoparietooccipital region. Clinical significance
4. 52Muscles of the head. Facial musclesfree
5. 53Zygomatic, infraorbital, mental and buccal regions. Clinical significance
6. 54Muscles of the head. Masticatory musclesfree
7. 55Connections of the cranial bones. Connections of the skull with the vertebral column. Temporomandibular jointfree
8. 56Parotideomasseteric region. Clinical significance
9. 55Temporomandibular jointfree
10. 57Temporal, mastoid and auricular regions. Clinical significance
11. 58Infratemporal region. Clinical significance
12. 60Anterior neck region. Submandibular triangle. Submental triangle. Clinical significance
13. 61Anterior neck region. Carotid triangle. Omo-tracheal (muscular) triangle. Clinical significance
14. 62Common carotid artery. External carotid artery. Anterior and posterior branches
15. 62External carotid artery. Terminal branches - superficial temporal and maxillary arteries
16. 64Sternocleidomastoid region. Lateral neck region. Clinical significance
17. 62Internal carotid artery. Parts. Branches. Circle of Willis
18. 66Subclavian artery. Parts. Branches
19. 67Cervical plexus - formation, branches, innervation areas
20. 67Neck regions. Fasciae and connective tissue spaces of the neck. Clinical significance
21. 68Muscles of the neck. Triangles of the neck. Cervical fasciafree
22. 70Superficial muscles of the back. Intermediate muscles of the backfree
23. 70Deep muscles of the back - autochthonous muscles. Thoracolumbar fasciafree
24. 71Chest wall. Lateral pectoral region. Inframammary region. Clinical significance
25. 72Axillary region. Axillary fossa. Neuro-vascular structures. Groups of lymph nodes
26. 71Muscles of the chest. Diaphragm - parts, openings, blood supply, innervationfree
27. 70Suboccipital muscles. Suboccipital trigonefree
28. 72Muscles of the upper arm. Brachial fascia. Muscular compartments. Axillary fossa - walls, foraminafree
29. 73Mediastinum. Pleural cavity. Clinical significance
30. 73Pleura. Pleural cavity - recessus (sinuses) of the pleura. Mediastinum
31. 78Aorta - overview. Parts. Main branches
32. 79Anterolateral abdominal wall - topographic lines and areas. Inguinal canal. Clinical significance
33. 78Thoracic descending aorta. Parietal and visceral branches
34. 79Muscles of the abdominal wall. Rectus sheathfree
35. 81Peritoneum. Peritoneal cavity - greater and lesser peritoneal sac. Peritoneal formations - ligaments and mesos. Greater and lesser omentum
36. 80Inguinal canal. Hernias of the abdominal wall. Inguinal herniafree
37. 81Supracolic part of the greater peritoneal sac. Organs. Peritoneal formations and spaces. Clinical significance
38. 83Infracolic part of the greater peritoneal sac. Organs. Peritoneal formations and spaces. Clinical significance
39. 84Lesser peritoneal sac (omental bursa). Lesser omentum. Epiploic foramen
40. 85Abdominal descending aorta - unpaired visceral branches. Anastomoses
41. 86Hepatic portal vein. Porto-systemic (porto-caval) venous anastomoses
42. 87Retroperitoneal space. Divisions. Organs. Clinical significance
43. 88Abdominal descending aorta - paired parietal and visceral branches
44. 89Superior vena cava. Major tributaries. Veins of the head and neck
45. 90Peritoneal and subperitoneal divisions of the pelvis. Clinical significance
46. 89Inferior vena cava. Major tributaries. Veins of the pelvis and lower part of the abdominal wall
47. 89Systemic (cava-caval) venous anastomoses
48. 92Subcutaneous division of the pelvis. Perineum. Ischioanal fossa. Clinical significance
49. 92Perineum. Muscles and fasciae. Blood supply and innervation. Pudendal (Alcock's) canal