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Year 1 · Medicine · Medical University of Sofia

Medical Biology: notes and exam prep for MU Sofia

Medical Biology for Year 1 Medicine at the Medical University of Sofia: all 105 syllabus topics in 8 sections, with exam-focused notes, figures and SuperPrep recall sets.

What Medical Biology has on SuperMed

  • Notes on every topic, written to answer the syllabus question as it is asked, with 3,690 figures and diagrams.
  • SuperPrep : 2,803 recall sets. A short piece of material, then questions on all of it from memory, at the grade you are aiming for.

The Medical Biology syllabus

Every topic, numbered as the department numbers it.

I. Biopolymers - structure, synthesis and self-assembly11 topics

  1. 1Origin and evolution of cellsfree
  2. 2Proteins. Protein domains. Protein familiesfree
  3. 3Nucleic acids. DNA. RNAfree
  4. 4Recognition and self-assembly of macromolecules. Cytoskeletonfree
  5. 5Transcriptionfree
  6. 6RNA processingfree
  7. 7Genetic code. Translationfree
  8. 8Proteins after translation: sorting, folding, modifications, degradationfree
  9. 9DNA replicationfree
  10. 10RNA replication. Reverse transcriptionfree
  11. 11DNA repairfree

II. Genome - organization and gene expression15 topics

  1. 12Prokaryotic genome and regulation of gene expression
  2. 13Eukaryotic genome and regulation of gene expression
  3. 14Cytoplasmic (extrachromosomal) inheritance in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
  4. 15General (homologous) recombination. Molecular mechanisms of crossing over
  5. 16Site-specific recombination
  6. 17Reproduction of viruses
  7. 18Chromatin. Nucleosomes
  8. 19Human karyotype. Types of chromosomes
  9. 20Gene mutations. Mechanisms and mutagenic factors
  10. 21Chromosomal mutations. Evolution of karyotype
  11. 22Genes and alleles. Dominance and recessivity - mechanisms, medical examples. Penetrance and expressivity
  12. 23Phenotype, genotype and allele frequencies. Hardy–Weinberg law
  13. 24Factors influencing allele frequencies: mutations, migrations, natural selection
  14. 25Effects of isolation: genetic drift, inbreeding
  15. 26Quantitative traits

III. Cell cycle and cell communications4 topics

  1. 27Cell cycle. Mitosis. Cell cycle control
  2. 28Growth factors, proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, tumour suppressors. Oncogenic viruses
  3. 29Cell senescence. Cell death: apoptosis, necrosis
  4. 30Cell signaling. Cell receptors

IV. Reproduction - mechanisms of fertilization and early embryogenesis9 topics

  1. 31Meiosis. Origin of germ cells
  2. 32Spermatogenesis. Mammalian spermatozoa
  3. 33Oogenesis. Mature mammalian ova
  4. 34Fertilization. Interaction of maternal and paternal genomes
  5. 35Assisted reproduction: IVF, ICSI
  6. 36Development from zygote to neurula. Embryological models - echinoderms, amphibians, amniotes
  7. 37Mosaic and regulatory embryonic development. Morphogens and embryonic induction
  8. 38Preimplantation mammalian embryo
  9. 39Sex determination and differentiation

V. Methods to study biopolymers and cells - molecular basis6 topics

  1. 40Methods of karyotyping and chromosome analysis
  2. 41Basic methods in molecular biology - electrophoresis, PCR, blotting, sequencing
  3. 42Immunological methods. Diagnosis of viral infections
  4. 43Recombinant DNA technology - restriction endonucleases, DNA vectors, recombinant proteins
  5. 44Cell micromanipulations
  6. 45Transgenic animals. Gene therapy

VI. Immunity - molecular and cellular basis14 topics

  1. 46Innate immunity
  2. 47Structure of antibodies
  3. 48Functions of antibodies
  4. 49Molecules of cell-mediated immunity
  5. 50Cytotoxic and helper T lymphocytes
  6. 51Genetic basis of antibodies and T-cell receptors
  7. 52Lymphocyte differentiation in central lymphoid organs
  8. 53Lymphocyte differentiation in peripheral lymphoid organs. Immune response
  9. 54Immune memory
  10. 55Immune tolerance. Regulatory T lymphocytes
  11. 56Transplantation immunity
  12. 57Antitumor immunity
  13. 58Blood group alloantigens. ABO and H blood groups
  14. 59Rhesus blood groups

VII. Evolution and development18 topics

  1. 60Animal evolution before vertebrates
  2. 61Sequence of evolutionary innovations in vertebrate classes
  3. 62Phylogeny and development of the skull
  4. 63Phylogeny and development of the postcranial skeleton
  5. 64Phylogeny and development of the skin
  6. 65Phylogeny and development of the nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
  7. 66Phylogeny and development of the skin sense organs, taste, and olfactory organs
  8. 67Phylogeny and development of the organ of balance and hearing
  9. 68Phylogeny and development of organ of vision
  10. 69Phylogeny and development of digestive system
  11. 70Phylogeny and development of circulatory system
  12. 71Phylogeny and development of respiratory system
  13. 72Phylogeny and development of excretory system
  14. 73Phylogeny and development of reproductive system
  15. 74Mechanisms of evolution. Anagenesis
  16. 75Speciation (cladogenesis). Macroevolution
  17. 76Human evolution
  18. 77Molecular evolution

VIII. Biology of medically important parasites28 topics

  1. 78Protozoa. Phylum Sarcomastigophora. Subphylum Mastigophora (Flagellata). Genus Trypanosoma
  2. 79Genus Leishmania
  3. 80Genus Trichomonas. Giardia lamblia (Lamblia intestinalis)
  4. 81Subphylum Sarcodina. Genus Entamoeba
  5. 82Phylum Apicomplexa. Toxoplasma gondii
  6. 83Genus Plasmodium. Morphological differences in the erythrocyte schizogony of Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium falciparum
  7. 84Phylum Ciliophora. Balantidium coli
  8. 85Metazoa: important evolutionary changes associated with the transition to multicellularity. Phylum Cnidaria (Coelenterata). Genus Hydra. Genus Obelia
  9. 86Phylum Platyhelminthes: important evolutionary changes. Class Trematoda. Genus Fasciola
  10. 87Dicrocoelium dendriticum (D. lanceatum)
  11. 88Genus Opisthorchis. Genus Schistosoma
  12. 89Class Cestoda. Diphyllobothrium latum
  13. 90Taenia saginata. Taenia solium
  14. 91Echinococcus granulosus. Hymenolepis nana
  15. 92Phylum Nematoda. Ascaris lumbricoides
  16. 93Enterobius vermicularis. Trichuris trichiura (Trichocephalus trichiurus)
  17. 94Trichinella spiralis
  18. 95Ancylostoma duodenale. Strongyloides stercoralis
  19. 96Dracunculus medinensis. Filarial worms: Wuchereria bancrofti, Loa loa, Onchocerca volvulus
  20. 97Nematodes for which humans are accidental hosts. Larva migrans
  21. 98Phylum Annelida: important evolutionary changes. Lumbricus terrestris. Hirudo medicinalis
  22. 99Phylum Arthropoda: important evolutionary changes. Class Crustacea: general characterization. Class Arachnida. Orders Scorpiones and Araneae
  23. 100Superorder Acariformes - Sarcoptes scabiei, genera Dermanyssus, Dermatophagoides, Demodex
  24. 101Superorder Acariformes. Genera Ixodes, Hyalomma, Dermacentor, Rhipicephalus
  25. 102Class Insecta. The role of insects as vectors and mechanical carriers
  26. 103Pediculus humanus. Phthirius pubis. Cimex lectularius. Pulex irritans
  27. 104Genus Culex, genus Anopheles, and genus Aedes: morphological differences. Genus Phlebotomus
  28. 105Overview of parasitism. Adaptation of parasites to hosts

Who writes it

Each topic is drafted by a senior student against the syllabus question, sourced from the department’s lectures and textbook, and checked line by line by a second student before it is published. It is exam study support, not clinical guidance, and SuperMed is not affiliated with the university. How content is made

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