General Pathology: notes and exam prep for MU Sofia

General pathology46 topics

1. 1General and special pathology objectives. Basic terminology, purpose, tasks, methodsfree
2. 2Cellular injury, common causes and mechanismsfree
3. 3Reversible cell injury due to compromised ionic transfer (cellular swelling): granular degeneration, vacuolar degeneration, hydropic changefree
4. 4Lipid accumulation in parenchymal and stromal cells. Lipid phagocytosisfree
5. 5Complex lipid accumulations: lipidosisfree
6. 6Abnormal intracellular glycogen accumulations. Glycogenosesfree
7. 7Hemoglobin-derived pigment accumulations. Hemosiderosis. Types of jaundicefree
8. 8Non-hemoglobin derived pigment accumulations: melanin, lipofuscinfree
9. 9Exogenous pigments - types, organ sitesfree
10. 10Extracellular accumulations: hyalinosis, fibrinoid swellingfree
11. 11Extracellular accumulations: amyloidosis. Types of amyloidosis, pathogenesis, microscopic & gross organ pathomorphology. Histochemical staining methodsfree
12. 12Extracellular accumulations of calcium and uric acid saltsfree
13. 13Metabolic and structural abnormalities of collagen, elastin and proteoglycans. Mucopolysaccharidosesfree
14. 14Irreversible cell injury - cell death. Types of necrosis; microscopic & gross pathomorphology. Apoptosisfree
15. 15Ischemic necrosis - infarction. Morphogenesis. Types of infarctions - anemic, hemorrhagic. Organ sites. Microscopic & gross pathomorphologyfree
16. 16Clinico-anatomical types of necrosis: gangrene, decubitus, sequestrationfree
17. 17Hemorrhages - types, pathogenesis; denomination according to organ sitefree
18. 18Hemodynamic disorders. Arterial hyperemia. Venous congestion - systemic and organ-specificfree
19. 19Systemic hemodynamic disorders - peripheral tissue hypoperfusion (shock). DIC syndromefree
20. 20Thrombosis. Pathogenesis, thrombus morphology, types. Outcome of thrombosisfree
21. 21Embolism - arterial and venous; types, sites of origin, target organsfree
22. 22Edema - types, pathogenesis and pathomorphology according to organ sitefree
23. 23Inflammation. Definition, etiology, pathogenesis, typesfree
24. 24Inflammation. Inflammation mediatorsfree
25. 25Acute inflammation. Morphologic patterns of acute inflammation, types of inflammatory cells, tissue alterationsfree
26. 26Chronic inflammation. Etiology, types, morphologyfree
27. 27Specific inflammation in rheumatism, tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, syphilis. Histological characteristics of granulomasfree
28. 28Specific inflammation in leprosy, typhoid enteritis, mycoses and parasitic infections. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology of organ site alterationsfree
29. 29Immunity. Types of immunity. Pathological immune reactions. Pathomorphologyfree
30. 30Transplantation immunity. Rejection of tissue transplantsfree
31. 31Regeneration and repair: types of physiologic renewal and posttraumatic repair in different cells and organsfree
32. 32Regeneration and repair: wound and bone healing. Stages of the reparative processfree
33. 33Adaptations: hypertrophy, hyperplasia and metaplasia. Microscopic & gross pathomorphologyfree
34. 34Adaptations: atrophy. Types of atrophy. Microscopic and gross pathomorphologyfree
35. 35Neoplasia: etiology, pathogenesis, classification and nomenclaturefree
36. 36Neoplastic growth, histogenesis and structure characteristics. Precancer. General histological features of benign, malignant; epithelial and mesenchymal tumoursfree
37. 37Connective tissue benign & malignant neoplasms. Microscopic & gross pathomorphologyfree
38. 38Benign & malignant neoplasms of smooth and striated muscle. Microscopic & gross pathomorphologyfree
39. 39Benign & malignant neoplasms of vessel wallsfree
40. 40Osteogenic sarcoma. Malignant synovioma. Anatomic sites, microscopic & gross pathomorphologyfree
41. 41Benign & malignant neoplasms originating from melanocytes. Anatomic sites, microscopic & gross pathomorphologyfree
42. 42Teratogenous neoplasms - teratomas and teratocarcinomas. Anatomic sites, microscopic & gross pathomorphologyfree
43. 43Congenital anomalies. Classification. Exogenous and endogenous teratogensfree
44. 44Gene mutations. Chromosomal syndromes and diseases. Blastopathies - double malformationsfree
45. 45Embryopathies. Cardiovascular system malformationsfree
46. 46Embryopathies. Malformations of central nervous system and limbsfree

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Systemic pathology91 topics

1. 47Atherosclerosis. Etiology, pathogenesis and general characteristics of atherosclerotic vessel alterations
2. 48Atherosclerosis. Types of atherosclerotic microscopic & gross pathomorphological changes. Organ site damage in atherosclerosis. Complications
3. 49Ischemic heart disease: myocardial infarction. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology. Stages, complications, outcomes
4. 50Chronic ischemic heart disease: pathogenesis, microscopic & gross pathomorphology; systemic and organ-specific manifestations
5. 51Systemic arterial hypertension: vascular and organ-specific pathomorphological changes
6. 52Pulmonary hypertension. Etiology, types. Cor pulmonale. Right ventricle and pulmonary vessel microscopic & gross pathomorphology
7. 53Endocarditis: classification, etiology, pathogenesis, pathomorphology. Infective endocarditis - acute and subacute forms
8. 54Valvular heart disease: classification, microscopic and gross pathomorphology
9. 55Myocarditis: classification, pathomorphology
10. 56Pericarditis: etiology. Pathomorphological types
11. 57Cardiomyopathies: classification, pathomorphology
12. 58Vasculitis: classification, pathomorphology, Types of aneurysms
13. 59Systemic connective tissue disease. Lupus erythematosus. Polyarteritis nodosa
14. 60Systemic connective tissue disease - rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)
15. 61Bronchitis - acute and chronic. Bronchiolitis. Pathomorphology
16. 62Bronchiectasis - congenital and acquired. Bronchiectatic disease. Complications
17. 63Lobar (croupous) pneumonia. Stages of development. Complications
18. 64Lobular pneumonia. Etiology, pathogenesis and pathomorphology
19. 65Interstitial and viral pneumonia. Etiology, pathogenesis, microscopic & gross pathomorphology
20. 66Acute respiratory distress syndrome. Etiology, pathogenesis, pulmonary pathomorphology
21. 67Pulmonary emphysema: classification, etiology, pathogenesis. Chronic obstructive diffuse emphysema
22. 68Pulmonary emphysema: acute, compensatory, focal, interstitial and senile emphysema
23. 69Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clinicopathological forms. Pathomorphological changes in the lungs and heart
24. 70Atelectasis - types. Pathomorphology. Acute massive pulmonary collapse (post-surgical atelectasis)
25. 71Hypertensive pulmonary diseases. Bronchial asthma. Eosinophilic pneumonia. Allergic granulomatosis (Churg-Strauss syndrome)
26. 72Pneumoconioses. Etiology, pathogenesis, types, pathomorphological forms, complications
27. 73Primary tumours of the lung and pleura - benign & malignant. Histological and macroscopic forms
28. 74Diseases of esophagus: esophagitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, achalasia, diverticulae, hiatal hernia. Esophageal tumors - benign & malignant
29. 75Acute and chronic gastritis - etiology, pathogenesis, types; microscopic & gross pathomorphology
30. 76Gastric and duodenal peptic ulcer - etiology, pathogenesis, microscopic & gross pathomorphology, complications
31. 77Benign gastric tumors - of epithelial and mesenchymal origin. Stromal tumors - GIST
32. 78Gastric carcinoma: etiology and pathogenesis. Precancer. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology. Clinic-morphological methods of early diagnostics
33. 79Chronic enterocolitis - types. Ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease, Whipple disease. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology
34. 80Intestinal obstruction (ileus) types. Mesenteric thrombosis. Complications
35. 81Peritonitis - etiology, patho morphologic forms according to the types of inflammation
36. 82Tumors of the small intestine: epithelial/mesenchymal, neuroendocrine, lymphomas
37. 83Appendicitis - types according to etiology, pathogenesis and forms of inflammation. Tumors of the appendix - epithelial, neuroendocrine
38. 84Benign tumors and carcinoma of the colon. Etiology & pathogenesis. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology. Role of fibro colonoscopy in early diagnostics
39. 85Primal and secondary (metastatic) tumors of the peritoneum
40. 86Acute and chronic viral hepatitis. Etiology & pathogenesis. Basic morphologic classification. Microscopic and gross pathomorphology
41. 87Liver cirrhosis - definition, classification, progression. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology
42. 88Portal hypertension - pathogenesis, vascular and organ-specific manifestations, complications
43. 89Primal hepatic carcinoma - hepatocellular/cholangiocellular. Etiology & pathogenesis. Secondary (metastatic) liver tumors. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology; differences in diagnosis
44. 90Acute and chronic cholecystitis, cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis. Liver abscess. Etiology & pathogenesis. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology
45. 91Cholelithiasis. Types of stones. Complications. Carcinoma of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts
46. 92Acute necrotizing pancreatitis, hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Chronic pancreatitis. Etiology & pathogenesis. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology
47. 93Tumors of exocrine and endocrine pancreas
48. 94Primal glomerular diseases - glomerulonephritis. Etiology & pathogenesis. Classification. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology
49. 95Inflammatory tubulointerstitial renal diseases - acute and chronic pyelonephritis
50. 96Urolithiasis. Etiology & pathogenesis Types of stones. Clinico-morphological characteristics. Complications
51. 97Inflammatory diseases of the urinary bladder (cystitis). Pathomorphological classification. Tumors of the kidney and urinary tract
52. 98Primal diseases of bone marrow - hemolytic and iron deficiency anemias. Etiology, pathogenesis & pathomorphological characteristics of target organs
53. 99Primal diseases of bone marrow - megaloblastic and pernicious anemias. Etiology, pathogenesis & pathomorphological characteristics of target organs
54. 100Acute and chronic leukemia. Pathomorphology of target organs: bone marrow, spleen, liver, lymph nodes
55. 101Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hodgkin’s disease - basic histologic types. Target organs
56. 102Lymphadenitis. Types of lymphadenitis according to histological characteristics
57. 103Benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostatic carcinoma
58. 104Inflammatory diseases of the testis. Testicular tumors - types according to histological classification and origin
59. 105Uterine body carcinoma. Etiology & pathogenesis. Precancer. Histological classification
60. 106Precancer of the uterine cervix. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Importance of early diagnostic methods - cytology, histology
61. 107Carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Etiology, pathogenesis, types, microscopic & gross pathomorphology
62. 108Ovarian epithelial tumors - benign & malignant. Germ cell and sex cord-stromal tumors. Classification
63. 109Fibrocystic breast disease. Benign tumors: epithelial and mixed
64. 110Breast carcinoma. Etiology, pathogenesis, clinic-morphological types and histological variants
65. 111Toxemia of pregnancy. Pathomorphological characteristics of organ-site damage
66. 112Postpartum uterine infection. Postpartum sepsis. Pathomorphological characteristics of organ-site damage
67. 113Pituitary gland diseases: acromegaly, hypercortisolism (Itsenko Cushing syndrome), hypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus. Etiology & pathogenesis. Organ-site pathomorphology
68. 114Thyroid epithelial hyperplasia. Hypothyroidism. Myxedema
69. 115Hyperthyroidism. Graves-Basedow’s disease (Toxic diffuse goiter)
70. 116Thyroiditis - types, pathomorphology
71. 117Neoplasms of the thyroid: classification, pathomorphology
72. 118Hyper- and hypoparathyroidism. Etiology & pathogenesis. Organ-site alterations. Tumors of parathyroid glands
73. 119Diabetes mellitus. Etiology & pathogenesis. Pathomorphology of organ-site alterations. Complications
74. 120Endocrine pancreas neoplasia. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
75. 121Acute and chronic suprarenal insufficiency. Etiology, pathogenesis and clinico-pathological correlations
76. 122Suprarenal gland tumors - primal and secondary
77. 123Inflammatory diseases of central nervous system. Meningitis, encephalitis - types according to etiology and pathomorphology
78. 124Cerebrovascular disease
79. 125Demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system
80. 126Tumors of central and peripheral nervous system
81. 127Infectious diseases. Etiology & pathogenesis. Classification according to organ site and transmission mechanism
82. 128Airborne transmitted infections - influenza, measles, scarlet fever, parotitis. Organ site pathomorphology
83. 129Insect vector transmitted infections - lyme disease, malaria, hemorrhagic fevers. Etiology & pathogenesis. Organ site pathomorphology
84. 130Infections transmitted by direct physical contact - anthrax, tetanus, rabies. Organ site pathomorphology
85. 131Gastrointestinal infections - salmonellosis, shigellosis
86. 132AIDS - etiology, pathogenesis, organ site damage, pathomorphological features. Complications
87. 133Sepsis. Septicemia. Septicopyemia. Chroniosepsis. Organ damage characteristics
88. 134Primary pulmonary tuberculosis. Primary TB complex morphology. Complications. Progressive hematogenous tuberculosis - generalised or pulmonary
89. 135Secondary pulmonary tuberculosis - classification, organ site damage. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology
90. 136Acquired and congenital syphilis. Etiology & pathogenesis. Stages of development. Primary syphilitic lesion. Organ site damage
91. 137Tertiary syphilis. Pathomorphology of syphilitic specific inflammation (gumma). Visceral changes. Neurosyphilis