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Years 1-2 · Medicine · Medical University of Sofia

Anatomy: notes and exam prep for MU Sofia

Anatomy for Years 1-2 Medicine at the Medical University of Sofia: all 261 syllabus topics in 6 sections, with exam-focused notes and figures.

Human Anatomy and Histology. Taught across years 1 and 2; one subject, one set of progress.

What Anatomy has on SuperMed

  • Notes on every topic, written to answer the syllabus question as it is asked, with 2,983 figures and diagrams.

The Anatomy syllabus

Every topic, numbered as the department numbers it.

I. Bones, Joints and Muscles50 topics

  1. 1Bone as an organ - types of bones, bone structure, development and growth. Periosteum
  2. 2Bones of the spine (vertebral column) - vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx
  3. 3Bones of the thorax (rib cage) - ribs, sternum
  4. 4Bones of the upper limb - clavicle, scapula, humerus
  5. 5Bones of the upper limb - radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
  6. 6Bones of the lower limb - os coxae (hip bone), femur
  7. 7Bones of the lower limb - tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
  8. 8Bones of the neurocranium
  9. 9Bones of the facial skull (viscerocranium)
  10. 10Skull - calvaria, fonticuli cranii
  11. 11Skull - internal cranial base
  12. 12Skull - external cranial base
  13. 13Skull - temporal fossa, infratemporal fossa, pterygopalatine fossa
  14. 14Skull - orbit
  15. 15Skull - bony nasal cavity
  16. 16Bone connections - classification. Types of synarthroses
  17. 17Bone connections. Diarthroses. Structure and mechanics of synovial joints. Types of synovial joints
  18. 18Connections of the cranial bones. Connections of the skull with the vertebral column. Temporomandibular joint
  19. 19Connections between the bones of the vertebral column. Configurations and mechanics of the spine
  20. 20Joints of the ribs with the vertebrae and sternum. The thorax as a whole structure
  21. 21Joints of the shoulder girdle. Shoulder joint
  22. 22Elbow joint. Joints of the bones of the forearm
  23. 23Wrist joints - art. radiocarpalis, art. mediocarpalis
  24. 24Joints of the hand - carpometacarpal, metacarpophalangeal, interphalangeal
  25. 25Connections of the bones of the pelvis. Shape and dimensions of the pelvis
  26. 26Hip joint
  27. 27Knee joint
  28. 28Joints of the bones of the lower leg. Ankle (talocrural) joint
  29. 29Anatomical joints of the foot - talocalcaneal (subtalar), talocalcaneonavicular, cuneonavicular, calcaneocuboid, cuneocuboid
  30. 30Joints of the foot - tarsometatarsal, metatarsophalangeal, interphalangeal
  31. 31Functional joints of the foot - transverse tarsal joint (joint of Chopart), joint of Lisfranc. The foot as a whole. Mechanics of the foot
  32. 32General structure of the skeletal muscles. Classification of skeletal muscles. Blood supply and innervation of muscles. Accessory formations of muscles - tendons, aponeurosis, fascia, tendon sheaths, bursa. Mechanics of muscles
  33. 33Muscles of the head. Facial muscles
  34. 34Muscles of the head. Masticatory muscles
  35. 35Superficial muscles of the back. Intermediate muscles of the back
  36. 36Deep muscles of the back - autochthonous muscles. Thoracolumbar fascia
  37. 37Suboccipital muscles. Suboccipital trigone
  38. 38Muscles of the neck. Triangles of the neck. Cervical fascia
  39. 39Muscles of the chest. Diaphragm - parts, openings, blood supply, innervation
  40. 40Muscles of the abdominal wall. Rectus sheath
  41. 41Inguinal canal. Hernias of the abdominal wall. Inguinal hernia
  42. 42Muscles of the shoulder girdle. Rotator cuff muscles
  43. 43Muscles of the upper arm. Brachial fascia. Muscular compartments. Axillary fossa - walls, foramina
  44. 44Muscles of the forearm. Antebrachial fascia. Muscular compartments
  45. 45Muscles of the hand. Tendinous sheaths
  46. 46Pelvic muscles of the lower limb
  47. 47Pelvic floor muscles of the pelvic and urogenital diaphragm
  48. 48Muscles of the thigh. Adductor canal. Fascia lata. Muscular compartments
  49. 49Muscles of the lower leg. Popliteal fossa. Cruropopliteal canal. Crural fascia. Muscular compartments
  50. 50Muscles and fascia of the foot. Tendinous sheaths

II. Internal Organs. Endocrine Glands49 topics

  1. 1Digestive system - overview, embryonic development, congenital anomalies
  2. 2Oral cavity - parts, walls, innervation, blood supply. Floor of the oral cavity
  3. 3Tongue (lingua) - parts, surfaces, muscles, innervation, blood supply. Lingual mucosa and papillae
  4. 4Dentition. Macroscopic structure of the tooth. Types of teeth. Histological structure of the tooth. Embryonic development and abnormalities
  5. 5Major salivary glands - parotid, submandibular, sublingual. Topography, innervation, blood supply, lymphatic drainage. Histological structure
  6. 6Oropharyngeal isthmus. Palatine tonsil
  7. 7Pharynx. Topography, parts, muscles, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure
  8. 8Esophagus. Topography, parts, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure
  9. 9Stomach - gaster. Topography, parts, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure
  10. 11Small intestine - duodenum, jejunum, ileum. Topography, parts, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Diverticulum of Meckel
  11. 12Small intestine - duodenum, jejunum, ileum. Histological structure
  12. 13Large intestine - caecum, vermiform appendix, colon, rectum. Topography, parts, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation
  13. 14Large intestine - caecum, vermiform appendix, colon, rectum. Histological structure
  14. 15Liver - topography, external morphology, segmental structure, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation
  15. 16Liver - histological structure
  16. 17Pancreas - topography, external morphology, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure
  17. 18Intra and extrahepatic bile ducts. Gallbladder - macroscopic anatomy and histological structure
  18. 19Peritoneum. Peritoneal cavity - greater and lesser peritoneal sac. Peritoneal formations - ligaments and mesos. Greater and lesser omentum
  19. 20Respiratory system - overview, embryonic development, congenital anomalies
  20. 21External nose. Nasal cavity. Nasal conchae and nasal passages. Olfactory mucosa. Paranasal sinuses
  21. 22Larynx - topography, cartilages, fibroelastic membranes, muscles
  22. 23Larynx - laryngeal cavity, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure. Cricothyrotomy (conicotomy). Tracheotomy
  23. 24Trachea. Principal (primary) bronchi. Bronchial tree. Topography, external morphology, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure
  24. 25Lungs - topography, external morphology, segmental structure, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation
  25. 26Lungs - histological structure
  26. 27Pleura. Pleural cavity - recessus (sinuses) of the pleura. Mediastinum
  27. 28Urinary system - overview, embryonic development, congenital anomalies
  28. 29Kidney - topography, external morphology, segmental structure, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation
  29. 30Kidney - histological structure. Nephron. Juxtaglomerular apparatus. Mesangium
  30. 31Pyelocalyceal system. Ureter - topography, parts, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure
  31. 32Urinary bladder - topography, macroscopic anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure. Male and female urethra - topography, macroscopic anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure
  32. 33Male reproductive system - overview, embryonic development, congenital anomalies
  33. 34Testis - topography, macroscopic anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure
  34. 35Epididymis, ductus deferens - topography, macroscopic anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure. Spermatic cord
  35. 36Prostate, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands - topography, macroscopic anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure
  36. 37Penis - macroscopic anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure. Scrotum
  37. 38Female reproductive system - overview, embryonic development, congenital anomalies
  38. 39Ovary - topography, macroscopic anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure
  39. 40Uterine tube - topography, macroscopic anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure
  40. 41Uterus - topography, macroscopic anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure
  41. 42Vagina, female external genitalia - macroscopic anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure
  42. 43Perineum. Muscles and fasciae. Blood supply and innervation. Pudendal (Alcock's) canal
  43. 44Mammary gland - topography, macroscopic anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure
  44. 45Endocrine system - overview, embryonic development, congenital anomalies. Types of hormones. Principles of neuroendocrine control
  45. 46Pituitary gland - topography, macroscopic anatomy, blood supply. Histological structure
  46. 47Pineal gland - topography, macroscopic anatomy. Histological structure
  47. 48Thyroid gland - topography, macroscopic anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure. Parathyroid glands - topography, macroscopic anatomy, blood supply. Histological structure
  48. 49Suprarenal (adrenal) gland - topography, macroscopic anatomy, blood supply. Histological structure
  49. 50Diffuse endocrine system. Interstitial cells of testis and ovary. Gastroenteropancreatic endocrine system. Endocrine pancreas. Paraganglia

III. Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems. Haematopoietic and Lymphopoietic Organs44 topics

  1. 1Cardiovascular system - overview, embryonic development and congenital anomalies of the heart and great vessels
  2. 2Heart. Topography and external morphology
  3. 3Heart. Internal morphology of the heart chambers. Atria and ventricles. Interatrial and interventricular septum
  4. 4Heart. Internal morphology. Heart valves
  5. 5Heart. Histological structure of the cardiac wall. Fibrous skeleton of the heart
  6. 6Heart. Conductive system
  7. 7Heart. Blood supply - arteries and veins. Pericardium. Sinuses
  8. 8Structure of the blood vessel wall. Arteries, veins, capillaries
  9. 9Arteries and veins of the pulmonary circuit
  10. 10Aorta - overview. Parts. Main branches
  11. 11Common carotid artery. External carotid artery. Anterior and posterior branches
  12. 12External carotid artery. Terminal branches - superficial temporal and maxillary arteries
  13. 13Internal carotid artery. Parts. Branches. Circle of Willis
  14. 14Subclavian artery. Parts. Branches
  15. 15Axillary artery. Parts. Branches. Brachial artery
  16. 16Radial artery. Ulnar artery. Superficial and deep palmar arches
  17. 17Collateral arterial systems of the upper extremity
  18. 18Thoracic descending aorta. Parietal and visceral branches
  19. 19Abdominal descending aorta - paired parietal and visceral branches
  20. 20Abdominal descending aorta - unpaired visceral branches. Anastomoses
  21. 21Common iliac artery. Internal iliac artery
  22. 22External iliac artery. Femoral artery
  23. 23Popliteal artery. Arteries of the lower leg and foot
  24. 24Collateral arterial systems of the lower limb
  25. 25Superior vena cava. Major tributaries. Veins of the head and neck
  26. 26Veins of the thoracic wall, the upper part of the abdominal wall and the vertebral column
  27. 27Subclavian vein. Superficial and deep veins of the upper extremity
  28. 28Inferior vena cava. Major tributaries. Veins of the pelvis and lower part of the abdominal wall
  29. 29External iliac vein. Superficial and deep veins of the lower extremity. System of the greater saphenous vein
  30. 30Systemic (cava-caval) venous anastomoses
  31. 31Hepatic portal vein. Porto-systemic (porto-caval) venous anastomoses
  32. 32Fetal circulation. Residual structures after birth
  33. 33Lymphatic system. Overview. Structure of the wall of the lymphatic vessels. Main lymphatic vessels
  34. 34Lymph node. Histological structure
  35. 35Tonsils. Histological structure
  36. 36Thymus. Topography, macroscopic anatomy, blood supply. Histological structure
  37. 37Spleen. Topography, macroscopic anatomy, blood supply. Histological structure
  38. 38Bone marrow. Histological structure
  39. 39Lymphatic vessels and regional lymph nodes of the head and neck
  40. 40Lymphatic vessels and regional lymph nodes of the axillary fossa and upper limb
  41. 41Lymphatic vessels and regional lymph nodes of the chest wall and mediastinum
  42. 42Lymphatic vessels and regional lymph nodes of the abdominal wall and abdominal cavity
  43. 43Lymphatic vessels and regional lymph nodes of the pelvis
  44. 44Lymphatic vessels and regional lymph nodes of the lower limb. Inguinal lymph nodes

IV. Central Nervous System36 topics

  1. 1General principles and organization of the nervous system. CNS and PNS. Somatic and autonomic nervous system
  2. 2Embryonic development of the CNS and PNS. Major congenital anomalies
  3. 3Spinal cord - topography, macroscopic anatomy, meninges, blood supply
  4. 4Spinal cord. Grey matter - cytoarchitectonics. Laminar structure - laminae of Rexed
  5. 5Spinal cord. White matter - myeloarchitectonics. Funiculi. Ascending and descending tracts
  6. 6Brain - overview and main parts. Blood supply of the cerebrum - arteries and veins
  7. 7Meninges of the brain. Cerebral dura mater. Formations of the cerebral dura mater
  8. 8Meninges of the brain. Cerebral arachnoidea and pia mater. Subarachnoid cisternae. Pacchionian granulations. Dynamics of cerebrospinal fluid
  9. 9Telencephalon (cerebrum). Sulci and gyri
  10. 10Structure of the cerebral cortex. Cytoarchitectonics
  11. 11Localization of functions in the cerebral cortex. Brodmann's cortical areas
  12. 12Myeloarchitectonics of the cerebrum - fiber systems. Corpus callosum. Commissurae. Internal capsule
  13. 13Basal nuclei - caudate, putamen, globus pallidus. Functional significance and connections
  14. 14Basal part of the brain - amygdala, claustrum, septal area, substantia innominata, accumbens nucleus, ventral pallidum, basal nucleus of Meynert, diagonal band of Broca
  15. 15Basal part of the brain - rhinencephalon. Olfactory-sensory system
  16. 16Limbic system. Cortical part. Nuclei. Functional connections. Papez circuit
  17. 17Diencephalon: thalamus - nuclear groups and functional connections
  18. 18Diencephalon: hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, metathalamus
  19. 19Midbrain (mesencephalon) - external and internal morphology. Nuclei and white matter systems
  20. 20Pons - external and internal morphology. Nuclei and white matter systems
  21. 21Medulla oblongata - external and internal morphology. Nuclei and white matter systems
  22. 22Reticular formation - structure and functional connections
  23. 23Cerebellum. Macroscopic anatomy. Cytoarchitectonics of the cerebellar cortex. Nuclei
  24. 24Cerebellum. Myeloarchitectonics. Afferent and efferent connections of the cerebellum
  25. 25Ventricular system of the brain. Choroid plexus. Circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid
  26. 26Lateral ventricle
  27. 27Third ventricle
  28. 28Fourth ventricle. Rhomboid fossa
  29. 29General sensory systems. System of superficial mechanoreception from body and head
  30. 30General sensory systems. System of pain and temperature from body and head
  31. 31General sensory systems. System of deep sensation from body and head
  32. 32Special sensory systems. Visual sensory system
  33. 33Special sensory systems. Gustatory system
  34. 34Special sensory systems. Auditory and vestibular systems
  35. 35Motor system. Pyramidal, oculomotor and corticonuclear systems
  36. 36Motor system. Extrapyramidal system

V. Peripheral Nerve System. Sensory Organs. Skin and Derivatives39 topics

  1. 1Spinal nerves - formation and branches. Spinal ganglion. Reflex arc. Zonal and segmental innervation of skin and muscles
  2. 2Dorsal branches of the spinal nerves
  3. 3Cervical plexus - formation, branches, innervation areas
  4. 4Brachial plexus - formation, supraclavicular and infraclavicular branches
  5. 5Brachial plexus. Lateral cord - branches, innervation areas. Median nerve. Musculocutaneous nerve
  6. 6Brachial plexus. Medial cord - branches, innervation areas. Ulnar nerve
  7. 7Brachial plexus. Posterior cord - branches, innervation areas. Radial nerve
  8. 8Intercostal nerves - branches, innervation areas
  9. 9Lumbar plexus - formation, branches, innervation areas. Femoral nerve. Obturator nerve
  10. 10Sacral plexus - formation, branches, innervation areas. Sciatic nerve
  11. 11Sacral plexus. Common peroneal nerve - branches. Tibial nerve - branches
  12. 11Cranial nerves - overview, localization along the base of the brain and sites of passage through the skull base
  13. 12Cranial nerves III, IV, VI - oculomotor, trochlear, abducens
  14. 13Cranial nerve V - trigeminal nerve. Nuclei, ganglion, main branches and innervation areas
  15. 14Ophthalmic nerve - branches, innervation areas
  16. 15Maxillary nerve - branches, innervation areas
  17. 16Mandibular nerve - branches, innervation areas
  18. 17Cranial nerve VII - facial nerve. Nuclei, ganglion, main branches and innervation areas
  19. 18Cranial nerve VIII - vestibulocochlear. Auditory and vestibular parts - branches and sensory ganglia
  20. 19Cranial nerve IX - glossopharyngeal. Nuclei, ganglia, branches and innervation areas
  21. 20Cranial nerve X - vagus. Nuclei, ganglia, parts, branches and innervation areas
  22. 21Cranial nerves XI, XII - accessory and hypoglossal
  23. 22Parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system in the head region. Parasympathetic ganglia
  24. 23Parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system in the neck, thorax, abdominal cavity, and pelvis
  25. 24Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system in the head and neck. Sympathetic ganglia
  26. 25Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system in the thorax, abdominal cavity and pelvis
  27. 26Organs of vision - overview, embryonic development. External morphology and blood supply of the eyeball
  28. 27Fibrous layer of the eyeball. Sclera and cornea
  29. 28Vascular layer of the eyeball
  30. 29Neural layer of the eyeball - retina. Optic nerve. Blood supply of the retina
  31. 30Ocular lens. Vitreous body. Chambers of the eyeball. Intraocular fluid dynamics
  32. 31External muscles of the eyeball. Eyelids. Conjunctiva
  33. 32Lacrimal apparatus
  34. 33External ear. Auricle. Auditory canal. Tympanic membrane
  35. 34Middle ear. Tympanic cavity. Auditory ossicles. Muscles. Auditory tube (pharyngotympanic tube)
  36. 35Inner ear. Cochlea. Cochlear duct. Organ of Corti. Spiral ganglion of the cochlea
  37. 36Inner ear. Vestibular apparatus. Vestibule and semicircular canals. Receptor areas for balance. Vestibular ganglion
  38. 37Skin - epidermis, dermis, hypodermis. Sweat glands
  39. 38Hairs, nails. Sebaceous glands

VI. Topographic Anatomy43 topics

  1. 1Frontoparietooccipital region. Clinical significance
  2. 2Internal cranial base. Clinical significance
  3. 3Temporal, mastoid and auricular regions. Clinical significance
  4. 4Parotideomasseteric region. Clinical significance
  5. 5Infratemporal region. Clinical significance
  6. 6Zygomatic, infraorbital, mental and buccal regions. Clinical significance
  7. 7Orbital region. Clinical significance
  8. 8Nasal region. Paranasal sinuses. Clinical significance
  9. 9Oral region. Clinical significance
  10. 10Neck regions. Fasciae and connective tissue spaces of the neck. Clinical significance
  11. 11Anterior neck region. Submandibular triangle. Submental triangle. Clinical significance
  12. 12Anterior neck region. Carotid triangle. Omo-tracheal (muscular) triangle. Clinical significance
  13. 13Sternocleidomastoid region. Lateral neck region. Clinical significance
  14. 14Axillary region. Axillary fossa. Neuro-vascular structures. Groups of lymph nodes
  15. 15Infraclavicular region. Mammary region. Clinical significance
  16. 16Chest wall. Lateral pectoral region. Inframammary region. Clinical significance
  17. 17Mediastinum. Pleural cavity. Clinical significance
  18. 18Back regions. Posterior neck region. Scapular region. Infrascapular region. Lumbar region. Clinical significance
  19. 19Vertebral region. Sacral region. Clinical significance
  20. 20Vertebral canal. Clinical significance
  21. 21Anterolateral abdominal wall - topographic lines and areas. Inguinal canal. Clinical significance
  22. 22Supracolic part of the greater peritoneal sac. Organs. Peritoneal formations and spaces. Clinical significance
  23. 23Infracolic part of the greater peritoneal sac. Organs. Peritoneal formations and spaces. Clinical significance
  24. 24Lesser peritoneal sac (omental bursa). Lesser omentum. Epiploic foramen
  25. 25Retroperitoneal space. Divisions. Organs. Clinical significance
  26. 26Peritoneal and subperitoneal divisions of the pelvis. Clinical significance
  27. 27Subcutaneous division of the pelvis. Perineum. Ischioanal fossa. Clinical significance
  28. 28Deltoid region. Anterior and posterior brachial regions. Clinical significance
  29. 29Anterior and posterior cubital region. Clinical significance
  30. 30Anterior antebrachial region. Clinical significance
  31. 31Posterior antebrachial region. Clinical significance
  32. 32Anterior and posterior carpal regions. Clinical significance
  33. 33Palmar aspect of the hand. Clinical significance
  34. 34Dorsal aspect of the hand. Fingers of the hand. Clinical significance
  35. 35Gluteal region. Suprapiriform and infrapiriform foramina. Clinical significance
  36. 36Anterior femoral region. Vascular and muscular lacuna. Femoral triangle. Clinical significance
  37. 37Posterior femoral region. Adductor canal. Clinical significance
  38. 38Anterior and posterior knee regions. Popliteal fossa. Clinical significance
  39. 39Anterior crural region. Anterior talocrural region. Clinical significance
  40. 40Posterior crural region. Posterior talocrural region. Clinical significance
  41. 41Calcaneal region. Clinical significance
  42. 42Plantar aspect of the foot. Clinical significance
  43. 43Dorsal aspect of the foot. Fingers of the foot. Clinical significance

Who writes it

Each topic is drafted by a senior student against the syllabus question, sourced from the department’s lectures and textbook, and checked line by line by a second student before it is published. It is exam study support, not clinical guidance, and SuperMed is not affiliated with the university. How content is made

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