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Year 1 · Medicine · Medical University of Sofia

Cytology: notes and exam prep for MU Sofia

Cytology for Year 1 Medicine at the Medical University of Sofia: all 95 syllabus topics in 3 sections, with exam-focused notes, figures, SuperPrep recall sets and a Professor mode mock exam.

What Cytology has on SuperMed

  • Notes on every topic, written to answer the syllabus question as it is asked, with 127 figures and diagrams.
  • SuperPrep : 547 recall sets. A short piece of material, then questions on all of it from memory, at the grade you are aiming for.
  • Professor mode: a mock of the real Cytology exam, marked 2 to 6, with a debrief.

The Cytology syllabus

Every topic, numbered as the department numbers it.

I. Cytology37 topics

  1. 1Microscopy. Types of microscopes: principles and applicationfree
  2. 2Collection of material for microscopic examinations. Fixationfree
  3. 3Main stages in the preparation of a permanent histological preparation. Hematoxylin-eosin stainingfree
  4. 4Histochemistry. Demonstration of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acidsfree
  5. 5Methods for the demonstration of enzymesfree
  6. 6Immunohistochemistryfree
  7. 7Hybridization techniquesfree
  8. 8Cell culture. Principles and applicationfree
  9. 9Cell fractionation. Histoautoradiographyfree
  10. 10Cell. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellsfree
  11. 11Cell. External and internal morphology of the eukaryotic cell. Organellesfree
  12. 12Chemical composition of the cell. Carbohydrates. Lipidsfree
  13. 13Chemical composition of the cell. Proteins. Nucleic acidsfree
  14. 14Cell membrane. Glycocalyx. Cell membrane modelsfree
  15. 15Membrane transport. Passive and active transportfree
  16. 16Structure and function of cell membrane proteinsfree
  17. 17Specialized structures of the cell membranefree
  18. 18Intercellular junctionsfree
  19. 19Endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes. Annulate lamellaefree
  20. 20Golgi apparatusfree
  21. 21Exocytosis. Secretory vesiclesfree
  22. 22Coated vesiclesfree
  23. 23Lysosomes and endosomes. Peroxisomesfree
  24. 24Mitochondriafree
  25. 25Nucleus. Structure of the nucleus. Chromatin. Chromosomes. Nucleolusfree
  26. 26Structure and replication of DNAfree
  27. 27Protein synthesis. Proteasomesfree
  28. 28Cytoskeleton. Microtubulesfree
  29. 29Cytoskeleton. Actin and intermediary filamentsfree
  30. 30Cell center and centriolesfree
  31. 31Cellular inclusionsfree
  32. 32Endocytosis and exocytosisfree
  33. 33Cell signalling. Types of receptors. Growth factorsfree
  34. 34Cell cycle. Cell division. Mitosis. Endomitosis. Amitosisfree
  35. 35Cell division. Meiosisfree
  36. 36Cell differentiation and proliferation. Stem cellsfree
  37. 37Cell death: necrosis and apoptosisfree

II. General Histology38 topics

  1. 38Tissues. Classification. General properties of tissues
  2. 39Epithelial tissue - definition, general characteristics and classification
  3. 40Simple surface epithelia
  4. 41Stratified surface epithelia
  5. 42Glandular epithelium - exocrine type. Types of glands
  6. 43Glandular epithelium - endocrine type. Hormones
  7. 44Connective tissue - definition, general characteristics, and classification
  8. 45Connective tissue - intercellular substance. Structural intercellular fibers
  9. 46Collagenogenesis and elastogenesis
  10. 47Connective tissue cells
  11. 48Embryonic connective tissue. Fibrous connective tissue
  12. 49Specialized connective tissues - pigment tissue, adipose tissue
  13. 50Reticular connective tissue. Mononuclear phagocytic system
  14. 51Cartilaginous connective tissue. Hyaline cartilage
  15. 52Cartilaginous connective tissue. Elastic cartilage. Fibrous cartilage
  16. 53Bone tissue. Cells
  17. 54Bone tissue. Intercellular substance. Histogenesis of bone tissue
  18. 55Blood. Blood plasma. Antibodies
  19. 56Erythrocytes. Erythrocytopoiesis
  20. 57Granulocytes - types. Granulocytopoiesis
  21. 58Lymphocytes - types. Lymphocytopoiesis
  22. 59Monocytes. Monocytopoiesis
  23. 60Platelets. Thrombocytopoiesis
  24. 61Blood formation. Periods and sites of blood formation. Regulation of hemopoiesis
  25. 62Bone marrow
  26. 63Muscle tissue. Smooth muscle tissue. Myoepithelial cells. Pericytes
  27. 64Cardiac muscle tissue. Cardiomyocytes - structure, types
  28. 65Striated skeletal muscle tissue. Structure of striated muscle fiber. Types of muscle fibers
  29. 66Striated skeletal muscle tissue. Mechanism of muscle contraction
  30. 67Nerve tissue. Histogenesis
  31. 68Morphology of the neuron. Types of neurons
  32. 69Neural outgrowths. Axon. Dendrites
  33. 70Nerve fibers - types. Myelin sheath. Peripheral nerves
  34. 71Interneuronal synapses. Neurotransmitters
  35. 72Neuroglia - types
  36. 73Receptor nerve endings. Receptors for general sensation
  37. 74Specific-sensory receptors
  38. 75Effector nerve endings. Neuromuscular synapse

III. General Embryology20 topics

  1. 76Gametes and gametogenesis. Gonad development
  2. 77Male gametes. Spermatogenesis. Structure of the spermatozoon
  3. 78Female gametes. Ovarian follicles. Ovogenesis. Structure of the mature oocyte
  4. 79Ovarian cycle. Menstrual cycle. Ovulation
  5. 80Fertilization
  6. 81Periods in embryonic development. Critical periods
  7. 82Blastogenesis - formation of morula and blastocyst
  8. 83Implantation
  9. 84Fetal membranes - amnion and chorion. Yolk sac. Allantois
  10. 85Placentation and placenta
  11. 86Umbilical cord and embryonic circulation
  12. 87Bilaminar embryonic disc. Gastrulation. Shaping of the fetal body
  13. 88Ectoderm and its derivatives
  14. 89Endoderm and its derivatives
  15. 90Mesoderm and its derivatives. Mesenchyme
  16. 91Twins. Malformations of the twins
  17. 92Cellular mechanisms of embryonic development
  18. 93Environmental factors influencing development
  19. 94Chromosomal and genetic defects underlying congenital malformations
  20. 95Types of malformations

Who writes it

Each topic is drafted by a senior student against the syllabus question, sourced from the department’s lectures and textbook, and checked line by line by a second student before it is published. It is exam study support, not clinical guidance, and SuperMed is not affiliated with the university. How content is made

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