Biochemistry: notes and exam prep for MU Sofia

Topics70 topics

1. 1Contemporary Biochemistry - basis for understanding metabolism in health and diseasefree
2. 2Proteins: significance, amino acid composition, classification of amino acids based on the chemical structure and polarity of the side chainsfree
3. 3Secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteinsfree
4. 4Charge properties of the amino acids and proteinsfree
5. 5Nucleic acids - types and biological rolefree
6. 6Primary structure of nucleic acids
7. 7Characteristics of the enzymes as biological catalysts
8. 8Enzyme kinetics
9. 9Effect of pH and temperature on the velocity of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
10. 10Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation - major regulatory mechanism in the cell
11. 11Importance of enzymes for the clinical practice
12. 12Compartmentalization of metabolic processes
13. 13Characteristics of biological oxidation
14. 14Oxidative phosphorylation at substrate level: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, enolase reaction, oxidative decarboxylation of α-keto acids (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex)
15. 15Respiratory chain - localization, function and molecular structure
16. 16Chemiosmotic theory for the mechanism of the oxidative phosphorylation in the respiratory chain
17. 17Uncoupled oxidation
18. 18Citric acid cycle - importance for catabolism and anabolism
19. 19Glycolysis - importance, chemical reactions, energy balance at anaerobic and aerobic conditions
20. 20Gluconeogenesis
21. 21The pentose phosphate pathway
22. 22Metabolism of galactose, fructose and mannose
23. 23Glycogen - structure, hydrolytic and phosphorolitic degradation, synthesis
24. 24Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism and blood glucose level
25. 25Lipids - classification
26. 26Biosynthesis of fatty acids
27. 27Desaturation of fatty acids
28. 28Metabolism (degradation and synthesis) of glycerophosphatides
29. 29Ketogenesis
30. 30Structure, role and synthesis of cholesterol
31. 31Derivatives of cholesterol (steroid hormones, vitamin D, bile acids) - structure and biological role
32. 32Transport of lipids in organism
33. 33Obesity
34. 34General reactions of amino acid catabolism: oxidative deamination, transamination, transdeamination
35. 35Detoxification of ammonia
36. 36Catabolism of the carbon skeletons of amino acids
37. 37One-carbon units - types, sources, importance
38. 38Enzymopathies related to amino acids metabolism (phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria, methylmalonic aciduria)
39. 39Biosynthesis and degradation of purine nucleotides
40. 40Biosynthesis and degradation of pyrimidine nucleotides
41. 41Structure, role and biosynthesis of porphyrins
42. 42Degradation of haemoglobin
43. 43Integration of metabolism
44. 44Biosynthesis of DNA - enzymes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell, steps
45. 45Biosynthesis of different types of RNA - enzymes, steps
46. 46Genetic code
47. 47Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes (operon model) and in eukaryotes: at the level of DNA, at the level of transcription, at the level of translation and posttranslational regulation
48. 48Structure of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes
49. 49Recombinant DNA technologies
50. 50Application of recombinant DNA technologies in medicine
51. 51Integrated regulation of metabolism at organism level
52. 52Peptide hormones, growth factors, cytokines
53. 53Transduction systems for peptide hormones, growth factors and cytokines: second messengers cAMP and protein kinase A; cGMP and nitric oxide
54. 54Transduction systems for peptide hormones, growth factors and cytokines: lipid second messengers
55. 55Transduction systems for peptide hormones, growth factors and cytokines: mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade - major mitogenic pathway
56. 56Transduction systems for peptide hormones, growth factors and cytokines: STAT transduction mechanism
57. 57Diabetes mellitus - changes in metabolism in type I and type II diabetes
58. 58Molecular basis of intercellular interactions: recognition, adhesion, intercellular transfer, extracellular matrix
59. 59Molecular mechanisms of cell cycle regulation
60. 60Apoptosis - molecular mechanisms and biological role
61. 61Molecular mechanisms of oncogenesis: protein kinases, growth factors, oncogenes and protooncogenes
62. 62Water-soluble vitamins
63. 63Lipid-soluble vitamins
64. 64Chemical composition and enzymes of the digestive fluids - saliva, gastric, pancreatic, and intestinal fluid
65. 65Biochemical processes in the liver
66. 66Biochemical characteristics and metabolism of red and white blood cellsfree
67. 67Nerve tissue - metabolism and function
68. 68Muscle tissue - metabolism and function
69. 69Biochemical processes in epithelial and connective tissue
70. 70Metabolism of calcium and phosphorus

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Schemes36 topics

1. 1Formulas of the 20 amino acids of the proteins
2. 2Part of polypeptide chain containing all the amino-acid residues
3. 3Formulas of the AMP, GMP, TMP, UMP, CMP
4. 4Part of DNA chain, containing AMP, GMP, TMP, CMP and part of RNA chain, containing AMP, GMP, UMP, CMP
5. 5Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and enolase reaction
6. 6Oxidative phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde-3-P
7. 7Citric acid cycle
8. 8Respiratory chain with components, substrates and effectors
9. 9Respiratory chain - asymmetric location of complexes I-IV and ATPase
10. 10Glycolysis
11. 11Malate and glycerophosphate shuttle systems for transport of hydrogen
12. 12Gluconeogenesis
13. 13Pentose phosphate pathway
14. 14Glycogenolysis
15. 15Synthesis of glycogen
16. 16Metabolism of galactose
17. 17Metabolism of fructose
18. 18Oxidation of fatty acid with even number of C-atoms
19. 19Oxidation of fatty acid with odd number of C-atoms
20. 20Synthesis of fatty acids
21. 21Ketogenesis in liver and oxidation of ketone bodies in extrahepatic tissues
22. 22Cholesterol synthesis
23. 23Atherosclerosis - 3 stages
24. 24Metabolism of acylglycerols
25. 25Metabolism of phosphoglycerols
26. 26Metabolism of sphingolipids
27. 27Metabolism of amino acids - deamination, transamination, transdeamination
28. 28Metabolism of amino acids - decarboxylation and formulas of biogenic amines
29. 29Detoxification of ammonia - synthesis of glutamate and glutamine
30. 30Degradation of the carbon skeletons of the amino acids - ketogenic and glucogenic aminoacids
31. 31Urea cycle
32. 32Conversion of amino acids to specialized products
33. 33One-carbon units
34. 34Water soluble vitamins - formulas and roles: B1, B2, PP, pantothenic acid, B6, B12, C, biotin, folate
35. 35Lipid-soluble vitamins - formulas and roles: A, D, E, K
36. 36Signalling transduction systems - adenylate cyclase system, phosphoinositide system, mitogen activated protein kinase cascade, insulin transduction pathway, JAK-STAT signalling pathway