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Year 2 · Medicine and Dental Medicine · Medical University of Sofia

Biochemistry: notes and exam prep for MU Sofia

Biochemistry for Year 2 Medicine and Dental Medicine at the Medical University of Sofia: all 106 syllabus topics in 2 sections, with exam-focused notes, figures and SuperPrep recall sets.

Dental Medicine students sit Biochemistry in Year 2 with the same syllabus, so this is their subject too: the same topics, numbered the same way.

What Biochemistry has on SuperMed

  • Notes on every topic, written to answer the syllabus question as it is asked, with 2,617 figures and diagrams.
  • SuperPrep : 13 recall sets. A short piece of material, then questions on all of it from memory, at the grade you are aiming for.

The Biochemistry syllabus

Every topic, numbered as the department numbers it.

Every Biochemistry topic opens with Super.Super is €15 a month

Topics70 topics

  1. 1Contemporary Biochemistry - basis for understanding metabolism in health and disease
  2. 2Proteins: significance, amino acid composition, classification of amino acids based on the chemical structure and polarity of the side chains
  3. 3Secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins
  4. 4Charge properties of the amino acids and proteins
  5. 5Nucleic acids - types and biological role
  6. 6Primary structure of nucleic acids
  7. 7Characteristics of the enzymes as biological catalysts
  8. 8Enzyme kinetics
  9. 9Effect of pH and temperature on the velocity of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
  10. 10Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation - major regulatory mechanism in the cell
  11. 11Importance of enzymes for the clinical practice
  12. 12Compartmentalization of metabolic processes
  13. 13Characteristics of biological oxidation
  14. 14Oxidative phosphorylation at substrate level: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, enolase reaction, oxidative decarboxylation of α-keto acids (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex)
  15. 15Respiratory chain - localization, function and molecular structure
  16. 16Chemiosmotic theory for the mechanism of the oxidative phosphorylation in the respiratory chain
  17. 17Uncoupled oxidation
  18. 18Citric acid cycle - importance for catabolism and anabolism
  19. 19Glycolysis - importance, chemical reactions, energy balance at anaerobic and aerobic conditions
  20. 20Gluconeogenesis
  21. 21The pentose phosphate pathway
  22. 22Metabolism of galactose, fructose and mannose
  23. 23Glycogen - structure, hydrolytic and phosphorolitic degradation, synthesis
  24. 24Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism and blood glucose level
  25. 25Lipids - classification
  26. 26Biosynthesis of fatty acids
  27. 27Desaturation of fatty acids
  28. 28Metabolism (degradation and synthesis) of glycerophosphatides
  29. 29Ketogenesis
  30. 30Structure, role and synthesis of cholesterol
  31. 31Derivatives of cholesterol (steroid hormones, vitamin D, bile acids) - structure and biological role
  32. 32Transport of lipids in organism
  33. 33Obesity
  34. 34General reactions of amino acid catabolism: oxidative deamination, transamination, transdeamination
  35. 35Detoxification of ammonia
  36. 36Catabolism of the carbon skeletons of amino acids
  37. 37One-carbon units - types, sources, importance
  38. 38Enzymopathies related to amino acids metabolism (phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria, methylmalonic aciduria)
  39. 39Biosynthesis and degradation of purine nucleotides
  40. 40Biosynthesis and degradation of pyrimidine nucleotides
  41. 41Structure, role and biosynthesis of porphyrins
  42. 42Degradation of haemoglobin
  43. 43Integration of metabolism
  44. 44Biosynthesis of DNA - enzymes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell, steps
  45. 45Biosynthesis of different types of RNA - enzymes, steps
  46. 46Genetic code
  47. 47Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes (operon model) and in eukaryotes: at the level of DNA, at the level of transcription, at the level of translation and posttranslational regulation
  48. 48Structure of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes
  49. 49Recombinant DNA technologies
  50. 50Application of recombinant DNA technologies in medicine
  51. 51Integrated regulation of metabolism at organism level
  52. 52Peptide hormones, growth factors, cytokines
  53. 53Transduction systems for peptide hormones, growth factors and cytokines: second messengers cAMP and protein kinase A; cGMP and nitric oxide
  54. 54Transduction systems for peptide hormones, growth factors and cytokines: lipid second messengers
  55. 55Transduction systems for peptide hormones, growth factors and cytokines: mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade - major mitogenic pathway
  56. 56Transduction systems for peptide hormones, growth factors and cytokines: STAT transduction mechanism
  57. 57Diabetes mellitus - changes in metabolism in type I and type II diabetes
  58. 58Molecular basis of intercellular interactions: recognition, adhesion, intercellular transfer, extracellular matrix
  59. 59Molecular mechanisms of cell cycle regulation
  60. 60Apoptosis - molecular mechanisms and biological role
  61. 61Molecular mechanisms of oncogenesis: protein kinases, growth factors, oncogenes and protooncogenes
  62. 62Water-soluble vitamins
  63. 63Lipid-soluble vitamins
  64. 64Chemical composition and enzymes of the digestive fluids - saliva, gastric, pancreatic, and intestinal fluid
  65. 65Biochemical processes in the liver
  66. 66Biochemical characteristics and metabolism of red and white blood cells
  67. 67Nerve tissue - metabolism and function
  68. 68Muscle tissue - metabolism and function
  69. 69Biochemical processes in epithelial and connective tissue
  70. 70Metabolism of calcium and phosphorus

Schemes36 topics

  1. 1Formulas of the 20 amino acids of the proteins
  2. 2Part of polypeptide chain containing all the amino-acid residues
  3. 3Formulas of the AMP, GMP, TMP, UMP, CMP
  4. 4Part of DNA chain, containing AMP, GMP, TMP, CMP and part of RNA chain, containing AMP, GMP, UMP, CMP
  5. 5Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and enolase reaction
  6. 6Oxidative phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde-3-P
  7. 7Citric acid cycle
  8. 8Respiratory chain with components, substrates and effectors
  9. 9Respiratory chain - asymmetric location of complexes I-IV and ATPase
  10. 10Glycolysis
  11. 11Malate and glycerophosphate shuttle systems for transport of hydrogen
  12. 12Gluconeogenesis
  13. 13Pentose phosphate pathway
  14. 14Glycogenolysis
  15. 15Synthesis of glycogen
  16. 16Metabolism of galactose
  17. 17Metabolism of fructose
  18. 18Oxidation of fatty acid with even number of C-atoms
  19. 19Oxidation of fatty acid with odd number of C-atoms
  20. 20Synthesis of fatty acids
  21. 21Ketogenesis in liver and oxidation of ketone bodies in extrahepatic tissues
  22. 22Cholesterol synthesis
  23. 23Atherosclerosis - 3 stages
  24. 24Metabolism of acylglycerols
  25. 25Metabolism of phosphoglycerols
  26. 26Metabolism of sphingolipids
  27. 27Metabolism of amino acids - deamination, transamination, transdeamination
  28. 28Metabolism of amino acids - decarboxylation and formulas of biogenic amines
  29. 29Detoxification of ammonia - synthesis of glutamate and glutamine
  30. 30Degradation of the carbon skeletons of the amino acids - ketogenic and glucogenic aminoacids
  31. 31Urea cycle
  32. 32Conversion of amino acids to specialized products
  33. 33One-carbon units
  34. 34Water soluble vitamins - formulas and roles: B1, B2, PP, pantothenic acid, B6, B12, C, biotin, folate
  35. 35Lipid-soluble vitamins - formulas and roles: A, D, E, K
  36. 36Signalling transduction systems - adenylate cyclase system, phosphoinositide system, mitogen activated protein kinase cascade, insulin transduction pathway, JAK-STAT signalling pathway

Who writes it

Each topic is drafted by a senior student against the syllabus question, sourced from the department’s lectures and textbook, and checked line by line by a second student before it is published. It is exam study support, not clinical guidance, and SuperMed is not affiliated with the university. How content is made

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