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Year 3 · Medicine and Dental Medicine · Medical University of Sofia

Microbiology: notes and exam prep for MU Sofia

Microbiology for Year 3 Medicine and Dental Medicine at the Medical University of Sofia: all 153 syllabus topics in 4 sections, with exam-focused notes, figures, flashcards and SuperPrep recall sets.

Dental Medicine students sit Microbiology in Year 3 with the same syllabus, so this is their subject too: the same topics, numbered the same way.

What Microbiology has on SuperMed

  • Notes on every topic, written to answer the syllabus question as it is asked, with 1,293 figures and diagrams.
  • 8,157 flashcards for the facts you have to recall, with spaced review.
  • SuperPrep : 729 recall sets. A short piece of material, then questions on all of it from memory, at the grade you are aiming for.

The Microbiology syllabus

Every topic, numbered as the department numbers it.

Every Microbiology topic opens with Super.Super is €15 a month

Section I: General Microbiology21 topics

  1. 1Scope and objectives of Medical Microbiology - Historical stages
  2. 2Bacterial and viral taxonomy: classification and nomenclature
  3. 3Bacterial morphology. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
  4. 4Bacterial ultrastructure - external structures (flagella and axial filaments, fimbriae, capsule and slime)
  5. 5Bacterial ultrastructure - cell wall
  6. 6Bacterial ultrastructure - cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid and cytoplasmic structures
  7. 7Bacterial ultrastructure - bacterial spores
  8. 8Fungal morphology and structure
  9. 9Bacterial physiology - chemical composition, bacterial metabolism, bacterial productivity
  10. 10Bacterial physiology - bacterial growth and cell division, growth factors
  11. 11Effect of chemical factors on microorganisms - disinfection, groups of disinfectants and antiseptic agents
  12. 12Effect of physical factors on microorganisms - sterilization and sterilization methods
  13. 13Bacterial genetics - carriers of genetic information: bacterial chromosome (structure, replication and function)
  14. 14Bacterial genetics - carriers of genetic information: plasmids and transposable elements
  15. 15Bacterial changeability - mutations
  16. 16Bacterial changeability - recombination and mechanisms of DNA transfer between bacterial cells
  17. 17Bacterial genetics - genetic engineering, DNA cloning, application of cloned DNA in molecular-biological genetic methods in diagnostics
  18. 18Antimicrobial chemotherapy - general principles, types of antimicrobial agents by mechanism of action, adverse reactions
  19. 19Antibacterial agents - cell wall synthesis inhibitors, mechanisms of action and resistance
  20. 20Antibacterial agents - protein and nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors, mechanisms of action and resistance
  21. 21Antiviral and antifungal agents

Section II: Infection and Immunity25 topics

  1. 22Infection and infectious disease - interactions between host and microorganisms, forms of infection
  2. 23Infection - role of microorganisms in the infectious process: infectivity, pathogenicity, virulence, contagiousness, virulence factors, role of the host
  3. 24Reservoirs of causative agents, sources of infections and mechanisms for spreading the infectious agents
  4. 25Pathogenesis of the infectious process - development, infectious dose, portals of entry, routes of dissemination and localization of microbes
  5. 26Immunity - immunity as a biological phenomenon, types of immunity
  6. 27Natural resistance - protective role of skin and mucosae, human microbiota and inflammation
  7. 28Natural resistance - humoral factors
  8. 29Natural resistance - cellular factors
  9. 30Acquired immunity - types and forms of acquired immunity
  10. 31Antigens - structure and properties, antigenic structure of microorganisms
  11. 32Antibodies (immunoglobulins) - structure, biological properties, humoral immunity, monoclonal antibodies
  12. 33Immune system - basic concepts, cells and organs, differentiation of stem cells into immunocompetent T and B lymphocytes
  13. 34Immune response - dynamics of the immune response, humoral immunity
  14. 35Cell-mediated immunity - role of the major histocompatibility complex in the immune response
  15. 36Protective mechanisms in infectious diseases - defence mechanisms in bacterial infections
  16. 37Protective mechanisms in infectious diseases - defence mechanisms in viral and fungal infections
  17. 38Antigen-antibody reaction - mechanism and general characteristics, immune lattice theory
  18. 39Reaction antigen-antibody - reaction toxin-antitoxin (toxin neutralizing reaction)
  19. 40Antigen-antibody reaction - agglutination reaction, precipitation reaction
  20. 41Immune reactions employing the complement system
  21. 42Immune reactions with labelled antibodies
  22. 43Immunopathology - allergies (hypersensitivity reactions), mechanisms of rapid and delayed type hypersensitivity
  23. 44Immunopathology - autoimmune reactions and diseases, immunodeficiency
  24. 45Immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy - vaccines, immunization schedules
  25. 46Immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy - immune sera and other antibody-containing preparations, immunomodulators

Section III: Special Microbiology. Clinical Microbiology67 topics

  1. 47Staphylococci (genus Staphylococcus)
  2. 48Group A streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes)
  3. 49Group B, C, D and G streptococci, Streptococcus viridans group, genus Enterococcus
  4. 50Streptococcus pneumoniae
  5. 51Neisseria meningitidis
  6. 52Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  7. 53Order Enterobacterales - genus Escherichia, E. coli
  8. 54Genus Salmonella - causative agents of typhoid and paratyphoid diseases
  9. 55Genus Salmonella - causative agents of food toxicoinfections
  10. 56Genus Shigella
  11. 57Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia (K-E-S group)
  12. 58Genera Proteus, Providencia and Morganella
  13. 59Yersinia pestis
  14. 60Yersinia enterocolitica
  15. 61Vibrio cholerae, Aeromonas hydrophila
  16. 62Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis
  17. 63Bordetella pertussis
  18. 64Genus Brucella, genus Francisella
  19. 65Family Legionellaceae
  20. 66Genus Pseudomonas, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  21. 67Non-fermentative Gram-negative bacteria - Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas and Burkholderia
  22. 68Genus Corynebacterium, C. diphtheriae and other corynebacteria
  23. 69Genus Listeria, L. monocytogenes
  24. 70Family Mycobacteriaceae - Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the causative agents of tuberculosis
  25. 71Anaerobic non-spore-forming bacteria - pathogenesis, clinics, microbiological diagnosis and therapy
  26. 72Genus Actinomyces
  27. 73Genus Bacillus, B. anthracis
  28. 74Genus Clostridium, C. tetani
  29. 75Clostridia causing gas gangrene
  30. 76Clostridium botulinum, Clostridioides difficile
  31. 77Family Spirochaetaceae - genus Treponema, T. pallidum
  32. 78Genus Borrelia - causative agents of recurrent typhus and Lyme borreliosis
  33. 79Genus Leptospira
  34. 80Genus Campylobacter
  35. 81Genus Helicobacter
  36. 82Genus Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma urealyticum
  37. 83Genus Chlamydia
  38. 84Genus Rickettsia, genus Coxiella
  39. 85Pathogenic fungi - Candida, Cryptococcus, Histoplasma, Aspergillus and others
  40. 86Viruses - nature and properties
  41. 87Family Picornaviridae - poliomyelitis virus and other significant enteroviruses
  42. 88Family Orthomyxoviridae - influenza virus
  43. 89Family Paramyxoviridae - mumps virus and measles virus
  44. 90Family Coronaviridae - SARS
  45. 91Family Reoviridae - genus Rotavirus, genus Norovirus
  46. 92Arboviruses - causative agents of significant arboviral infections
  47. 93Rubella virus, Zika virus
  48. 94Family Rhabdoviridae - rabies virus
  49. 95Family Retroviridae - HIV-1 and HIV-2
  50. 96Family Adenoviridae, genus Papillomavirus, genus Poliomavirus
  51. 97Family Herpesviridae - herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus
  52. 98Family Herpesviridae - human cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and other herpesviruses
  53. 99Family Poxviridae - variola virus
  54. 100Hepatitis viruses (human hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, G viruses)
  55. 101Bacteriophages
  56. 102Microbes in the environment - sanitary-indicative microorganisms in soil, water, air, foods and healthcare units
  57. 103Human microbiota and its physiological significance and aetiological role
  58. 104Role of human microbiota (physiological and harmful effects), iatrogenic influences, microbiota as causative agents of opportunistic infections
  59. 105Microbiological aspects of respiratory tract infections
  60. 106Microbiological aspects of infections of the cardio-vascular system
  61. 107Microbiological aspects of central nervous system infections
  62. 108Microbiological aspects of skin, wound, muscle, joint and bone infections
  63. 109Microbiological aspects of urinary tract infections
  64. 110Microbiological aspects of sexually transmitted infections
  65. 111Microbiological aspects of gastrointestinal tract infections
  66. 112Microbiological aspects of infections in immunocompromised patients
  67. 113Microbiological aspects of healthcare-associated infections

Practical semester examination40 topics

  1. 1Loeffler and Pfeiffer stains
  2. 2Gram stain - preparation, observation and interpretation
  3. 3Smear preparation and staining by Ziehl-Neelsen method
  4. 4Smear preparation and staining by Peshkov method
  5. 5Neisser stain - preparation, observation and interpretation
  6. 6Simple nutrient media - types, composition and application, bacterial growth in broth and agar media
  7. 7Elective and enriched media, selective media, differential media
  8. 8Methods and nutrient media for cultivation of aerobe and microaerophile bacteria, preparation of pure culture, inoculations and re-inoculations
  9. 9Methods and nutrient media for cultivation of anaerobe bacteria, anaerobe culture media, reading of anaerobe growth
  10. 10General principles for identification of bacterial and fungal pure cultures - classical and modern methods
  11. 11Quantitative methods for the determination of bacterial growth - enumeration with optical standard and determination of microbial count on a solid medium
  12. 12Serial dilution method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing
  13. 13Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics - characteristics and usage
  14. 14Disk diffusion method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing - antibiogram (NCCLS method)
  15. 15Methods of sterilization - usage of particular methods in medical practice
  16. 16Disinfectants - usage of particular disinfectants in medical practice
  17. 17Slide agglutination (Gruber type) and Widal's serodiagnosis (tube agglutination method)
  18. 18Coagglutination, latex agglutination, passive agglutination
  19. 19Ring precipitation test (thermoprecipitation)
  20. 20Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion, radial single immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis
  21. 21Complement fixation reaction for diagnosis of syphilis - Wassermann's reaction
  22. 22ELISA, immunofluorescence - direct and indirect
  23. 23Genetic methods in microbiological diagnostics - PCR, restriction analysis, DNA probes
  24. 24Antibacterial vaccines - characterization and application
  25. 25Antiviral vaccines - characterization and application
  26. 26Immune sera - characterization and application, immunoglobulin preparations
  27. 27Immunostimulators and probiotics - characterization and application
  28. 28Laboratory diagnosis of bacterial diseases - specimen collection and transportation, stages of examination, interpretation of results
  29. 29Tests for detection and pathogenicity of staphylococci and streptococci
  30. 30Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections - specimen collection and transportation, stages of examination, interpretation
  31. 31Viral haemagglutination-inhibition test (HAI)
  32. 32Neutralization test of viral infectivity
  33. 33Sanitary-microbiological examination of water, soil, air, food
  34. 34Laboratory diagnosis of intravascular infections - blood culture
  35. 35Laboratory diagnosis of CNS infections - microbiological examination of the CSF
  36. 36Laboratory diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infections
  37. 37Laboratory diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract infections
  38. 38Laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infections
  39. 39Laboratory diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections
  40. 40Microbiological examination of specimens from infections of the skin, soft tissues and bones

Who writes it

Each topic is drafted by a senior student against the syllabus question, sourced from the department’s lectures and textbook, and checked line by line by a second student before it is published. It is exam study support, not clinical guidance, and SuperMed is not affiliated with the university. How content is made

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