Anatomy and Human Histology: notes and exam prep for MU Varna

I. Osteology and arthrology31 topics

1. 1Bone as an organ - types of bones, bone structure, development and growth. Periosteumfree
2. 3Skull. Ontogenesis. Facial bonesfree
3. 4Bones of the facial skull (viscerocranium)free
4. 5Skull. Development. Cranial bonesfree
5. 6Skull - calvaria, fonticuli craniifree
6. 6Internal cranial basefree
7. 8Skull - external cranial basefree
8. 9Skull - temporal fossa, infratemporal fossa, pterygopalatine fossafree
9. 10Skull - orbitfree
10. 11Skull - bony nasal cavityfree
11. 12Articulations. Types of joints. Structure and mechanics of jointsfree
12. 14Spine. Bones and joints between vertebrae. Overviewfree
13. 15Joints of the skull with the vertebral columnfree
14. 16Thorax. Bones and joints of bony elements. Overviewfree
15. 17Temporomandibular jointfree
16. 18Prenatal and postnatal development of the skull
17. 19X-ray anatomy of the skull. Age peculiarities
18. 20Bones and joints of the shoulder girdle. Shoulder joint. Overviewfree
19. 20Bones and joints of the upper limb. Overviewfree
20. 20Joints of the shoulder girdle. Shoulder jointfree
21. 20Elbow joint. Joints of the bones of the forearmfree
22. 20Wrist joints - art. radiocarpalis, art. mediocarpalisfree
23. 20Joints of the hand - carpometacarpal, metacarpophalangeal, interphalangealfree
24. 21Bones and joints of the pelvis and lower limb. Overviewfree
25. 21Connections of the bones of the pelvis. Shape and dimensions of the pelvisfree
26. 21Hip jointfree
27. 21Knee jointfree
28. 21Joints of the bones of the lower leg. Ankle (talocrural) jointfree
29. 21Anatomical joints of the foot - talocalcaneal (subtalar), talocalcaneonavicular, cuneonavicular, calcaneocuboid, cuneocuboidfree
30. 21Joints of the foot - tarsometatarsal, metatarsophalangeal, interphalangealfree
31. 21Functional joints of the foot - transverse tarsal joint (joint of Chopart), joint of Lisfranc. The foot as a whole. Mechanics of the footfree

II. Myology15 topics

1. 22General structure of the skeletal muscles. Classification of skeletal muscles. Blood supply and innervation of muscles. Accessory formations of muscles - tendons, aponeurosis, fascia, tendon sheaths, bursa. Mechanics of musclesfree
2. 23Muscles of facial expression. Innervation and blood supply
3. 24Muscles of chewing. Blood supply and innervation. Fascia of the head
4. 25Muscles of the back. Overviewfree
5. 25Superficial muscles of the back. Intermediate muscles of the backfree
6. 25Deep muscles of the back - autochthonous muscles. Thoracolumbar fasciafree
7. 25Suboccipital muscles. Suboccipital trigonefree
8. 26Superficial muscles of the neck. Blood supply and innervation
9. 27Muscles of the neck. Cervical fasciafree
10. 27Oral floor musclesfree
11. 29Muscles of the chest. Diaphragm - parts, openings, blood supply, innervationfree
12. 29Muscles of the shoulder girdle and upper limb. Overviewfree
13. 30Muscles of the abdominal wall. Inguinal canalfree
14. 31Muscles of the shoulder and upper limb. Blood supply and innervation
15. 32Muscles of the hip and lower limb. Blood supply and innervation

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III. Splanchnology48 topics

1. 33Digestive system - overview and development
2. 35Embryonic development and anomalies of the oral cavity and face
3. 35Oral cavity proper
4. 36Oral cavity - vestibule. Lips, cheeks, gums. Blood supply, lymph drainage, innervation
5. 37Oral cavity proper. Soft and hard palate. Muscles of the soft palate. Oral mucosa
6. 38Tongue (lingua) - parts, surfaces, muscles, innervation, blood supply. Lingual mucosa and papillae
7. 39Permanent teeth - anomalies
8. 39Histological structure of the tooth
9. 39Milk teeth. Development and germination of teeth. Abnormalities
10. 41Supporting tissues of the teeth - periodontium
11. 42Teeth - blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation
12. 44Embryonic development of the teeth - amelogenesis
13. 45Embryonic development of the teeth - dentinogenesis
14. 46Embryonic development of the teeth - cementogenesis
15. 47Eruption of the teeth. Mechanism. Theories. Disturbances
16. 50Dental arches - characteristics. Occlusion and articulation. Physiological types of occlusion
17. 51Glands of the oral cavity - small salivary glands
18. 52Major salivary glands - parotid, submandibular, sublingual. Topography, innervation, blood supply, lymphatic drainage. Histological structure
19. 55Oropharyngeal isthmus. Tonsillae
20. 56Pharynx. Topography, parts, muscles, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure
21. 57Esophagus. Topography, parts, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure
22. 58Stomach - gaster. Topography, parts, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure
23. 59Duodenum
24. 59Mesenteric small intestine - jejunum, ileum
25. 60Large intestine. Caecum. Vermiform appendix
26. 60Large intestine. Colon. Rectum
27. 61Pancreas - topography, external morphology, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure
28. 61Endocrine pancreas. Gastro-enteropancreatic endocrine system
29. 62Liver
30. 64Intra and extrahepatic bile ducts. Gallbladder - macroscopic anatomy and histological structure
31. 65Peritoneum. Peritoneal cavity - greater and lesser peritoneal sac. Peritoneal formations - ligaments and mesos. Greater and lesser omentum
32. 66Upper and lower parts of the abdominal cavity. Overview
33. 67Respiratory system - overview, embryonic development, congenital anomalies
34. 67External nose. Nasal cavity. Paranasal sinuses
35. 70Larynx
36. 71Trachea. Principal (primary) bronchi. Bronchial tree. Topography, external morphology, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure
37. 72Lungs - shape, topography, lobes, segments, lobules and acini
38. 73Pleura. Pleural cavity - recessus (sinuses) of the pleura. Mediastinum
39. 74Urinary system - overview, embryonic development, congenital anomalies
40. 74Male reproductive system - overview, embryonic development, congenital anomalies
41. 74Female reproductive system - overview, embryonic development, congenital anomalies
42. 74Kidney
43. 76Excretory ducts. Urinary bladder. Male and female urethra. Anomalies
44. 77Testis. Epididymis. Ductus deferens. Spermatic cord
45. 78Seminal vesicles. Prostate. Bulbourethral glands. Penis. Scrotum
46. 80Ovaries. Uterine (Fallopian) tubes. Uterus
47. 81Vagina. External female genitalia. Perineum
48. 82Mammary gland - topography, macroscopic anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure

IV. Endocrine system5 topics

1. 83Endocrine system - overview, embryonic development, congenital anomalies. Types of hormones. Principles of neuroendocrine control
2. 83Pituitary gland. Pineal gland
3. 84Diencephalon
4. 86Thyroid gland - topography, macroscopic anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation. Histological structure. Parathyroid glands - topography, macroscopic anatomy, blood supply. Histological structure
5. 87Suprarenal gland. Paraganglia

V. Cardiovascular and lymphatic systems37 topics

1. 89Heart. Development, topography and external morphology
2. 90Heart chambers. Heart valves
3. 91Heart. Histological structure of the cardiac wall. Fibrous skeleton of the heart
4. 91Blood supply and innervation of the heart. Conductive system of the heart
5. 92Blood and lymphatic vessels of the heart. Pericardium
6. 93Structural plan of the circulatory system. Anastomoses. Collateral circulation
7. 94Structure of the blood vessel wall. Arteries, veins, capillaries
8. 95Microcirculatory bed. Arteriovenous anastomoses
9. 96Arteries and veins of the pulmonary circuit
10. 97Aorta - overview. Parts. Main branches
11. 98External carotid artery
12. 98Facial artery
13. 98Lingual artery
14. 99Maxillary artery
15. 100Internal carotid artery
16. 100Ophthalmic artery
17. 101Subclavian artery. Axillary artery. Overview
18. 102Arteries of the upper limb. Overview
19. 103Thoracic descending aorta. Parietal and visceral branches
20. 104Abdominal descending aorta - paired parietal and visceral branches
21. 104Abdominal descending aorta - unpaired visceral branches. Anastomoses
22. 105Iliac arteries - common, external, internal
23. 106Arteries of the lower limb. Overview
24. 107Superior vena cava. Overview
25. 107Veins of the head and neck
26. 109Inferior vena cava. Major tributaries. Veins of the pelvis and lower part of the abdominal wall
27. 109Superficial and deep veins of the extremities
28. 110Hepatic portal vein. Porto-systemic (porto-caval) venous anastomoses
29. 111Systemic (cava-caval) venous anastomoses
30. 112Lymph node. Thymus
31. 112Spleen. Red bone marrow
32. 113Lymph nodes - microscopic structure, blood supply, innervation
33. 115Lymphatic system. Overview. Structure of the wall of the lymphatic vessels. Main lymphatic vessels
34. 116Lymphatic vessels and regional lymph nodes of the head and neck
35. 118Lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes of thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity and pelvis. Overview
36. 118Lymphatic vessels and regional lymph nodes of the axillary fossa and upper limb
37. 120Lymphatic vessels and regional lymph nodes of the lower limb. Inguinal lymph nodes

VI. Nervous system and sensory organs55 topics

1. 121General principles and organization of the nervous system. CNS and PNS. Somatic and autonomic nervous system. Development
2. 123Spinal cord - topography, macroscopic anatomy, meninges, blood supply
3. 123Spinal cord. Grey matter - cytoarchitectonics. Laminar structure - laminae of Rexed
4. 124Spinal cord. White matter - myeloarchitectonics. Funiculi. Ascending and descending tracts
5. 126Medulla oblongata - external and internal morphology. Nuclei and white matter systems
6. 127Pons - external and internal morphology. Nuclei and white matter systems
7. 128Mesencephalon. Reticular formation
8. 129Cerebellum
9. 131Telencephalon (cerebrum). Sulci and gyri
10. 132Myeloarchitectonics of the cerebrum - fiber systems. Corpus callosum. Commissurae. Internal capsule
11. 133Olfactory part of the brain. Limbic system
12. 134Basal nuclei
13. 136Structure of the cerebral cortex. Localization of functions
14. 137Brain blood supply. Blood-brain barrier
15. 138Lateral, third and fourth ventricles. Cerebrospinal fluid. Blood-fluid barrier
16. 139System of superficial mechanosensation of head and body
17. 140General sensory systems. System of pain and temperature from body and head
18. 141General sensory systems. System of deep sensation from body and head
19. 142Trigeminal system
20. 143Interoceptive sensory system
21. 144Retina. Visual sensory pathway
22. 145Vestibulocochlear nerve: auditory part. Auditory-sensory system
23. 146Vestibulocochlear nerve: vestibular part. Vestibular-sensory system
24. 147Special sensory systems. Gustatory system
25. 148Organs of smell. Olfactory-sensory system
26. 149Motor system. Pyramidal, oculomotor and corticonuclear systems
27. 150Motor system. Extrapyramidal system
28. 152The autonomic nervous system. Overview
29. 153Spinal nerves. Formation. Spinal (dorsal root) ganglia. Reflex arch
30. 153Cervical plexus - formation, branches, innervation areas
31. 154Brachial plexus. Nerves of the upper limb. Overview
32. 155Intercostal nerves - branches, innervation areas
33. 156Lumbar and sacral plexuses. Nerves of the lower limb. Overview
34. 158Cranial nerves III, IV, VI - oculomotor, trochlear, abducens
35. 159Cranial nerve V - trigeminal nerve. Nuclei, ganglion, main branches and innervation areas
36. 160Ophthalmic nerve - branches, innervation areas
37. 161Maxillary nerve - branches, innervation areas
38. 162Mandibular nerve - branches, innervation areas
39. 163Cranial nerve VII - facial nerve. Nuclei, ganglion, main branches and innervation areas
40. 165Cranial nerve IX - glossopharyngeal. Nuclei, ganglia, branches and innervation areas
41. 166Cranial nerve X - vagus. Nuclei, ganglia, parts, branches and innervation areas
42. 167Cranial nerves XI, XII - accessory and hypoglossal
43. 168Sympathetic trunk - structure and parts
44. 169Sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system
45. 169Plexuses and ganglia of the autonomic nervous system in the head and neck region
46. 170Thoracic, abdominal and pelvic parts of the sympathetic trunk. Prevertebral ganglia
47. 171Parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system
48. 172Visceral plexuses in the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavity
49. 173Organs of vision - overview, embryonic development. External morphology and blood supply of the eyeball
50. 173Eyeball
51. 177Accessory organs of the eye. Blood supply of the eye
52. 178External ear. Auricle. Auditory canal. Tympanic membrane
53. 179Middle ear. Tympanic cavity. Auditory ossicles. Muscles. Auditory tube (pharyngotympanic tube)
54. 180Inner ear - bony and membranous labyrinth
55. 183Skin. Hairs, sweat and sebaceous glands, nails

VII. Topographic anatomy41 topics

1. 184Frontoparietooccipital region. Clinical significance
2. 185Temporal, mastoid and auricular regions. Clinical significance
3. 186Internal cranial base. Clinical significance
4. 187Infratemporal region. Clinical significance
5. 188Facial region. Overview
6. 188Zygomatic, infraorbital, mental and buccal regions
7. 189Parotideomasseteric region. Clinical significance
8. 190Orbital region. Clinical significance
9. 191Nasal region. Paranasal sinuses. Clinical significance
10. 192Oral region. Clinical significance
11. 193Neck regions. Fasciae and connective tissue spaces of the neck. Clinical significance
12. 194Submandibular triangle. Submental triangle
13. 194Anterior neck region. Submandibular triangle. Submental triangle. Clinical significance
14. 196Anterior neck region. Carotid triangle. Omo-tracheal (muscular) triangle. Clinical significance
15. 197Sternocleidomastoid region
16. 198Lateral region of the neck. Cervical viscera
17. 199Subclavian region. Mammary region
18. 200Axillary region. Axillary fossa. Neuro-vascular structures. Groups of lymph nodes
19. 201Thoracic wall and mediastinum. Overview
20. 203Anterolateral abdominal wall - topographic lines and areas. Inguinal canal. Clinical significance
21. 205Retroperitoneal space. Divisions. Organs. Clinical significance
22. 206Male and female lesser pelvis. Overview
23. 208Back regions. Posterior neck region. Scapular region. Infrascapular region. Lumbar region. Clinical significance
24. 209Vertebral canal. Clinical significance
25. 209Vertebral region. Sacral region. Clinical significance
26. 210Deltoid region. Anterior and posterior brachial regions. Clinical significance
27. 210Anterior and posterior cubital region. Clinical significance
28. 210Anterior antebrachial region. Clinical significance
29. 210Posterior antebrachial region. Clinical significance
30. 210Anterior and posterior carpal regions. Clinical significance
31. 210Palmar aspect of the hand. Clinical significance
32. 210Dorsal aspect of the hand. Fingers of the hand. Clinical significance
33. 211Gluteal region. Suprapiriform and infrapiriform foramina. Clinical significance
34. 211Anterior femoral region. Vascular and muscular lacuna. Femoral triangle. Clinical significance
35. 211Posterior femoral region. Adductor canal. Clinical significance
36. 211Anterior and posterior knee regions. Popliteal fossa. Clinical significance
37. 211Anterior crural region. Anterior talocrural region. Clinical significance
38. 211Posterior crural region. Posterior talocrural region. Clinical significance
39. 211Calcaneal region. Clinical significance
40. 211Plantar aspect of the foot. Clinical significance
41. 211Dorsal aspect of the foot. Fingers of the foot. Clinical significance